3. Modern Field Survey Systems

Long distance measurements on the ground by conventional method has always been a problem in surveying. The use of electronics in modern surveying equipment has ease the process. Electronic Distance Measuring (EDM) device can be used for measuring the long distances (slope distances) with higher accuracy, thus saving a lot of time (Garg, 2021). The triangulation and trilateration surveys require accurate measurement of long distances. With the advent of EDMs, it has become easy and fast to measure the long distances.

This chunk discusses the challenges of traditional surveying techniques, particularly in measuring long distances, which can be time-consuming and prone to errors. It introduces Electronic Distance Measuring (EDM) devices, which utilize electronic technology to facilitate accurate distance measurements over long ranges. The EDM significantly simplifies and speeds up the measurement process, making it easier to conduct triangulation and trilateration surveys that require precise distances.

Imagine trying to measure the distance between two points on a large field with a measuring tape. You have to walk back and forth repeatedly, which is not only tiring but can lead to mistakes. Now think of using a laser pointer that gives you an instant distance reading - this is similar to the transition from traditional measuring methods to electronic devices like EDMs.

Total Station equipment, which is a combination of digital theodolite, an EDM, and a small processor to process the data, can be used for taking multiple observations in the field, and thus this equipment eliminates the need of taking several surveying equipment in the field, such as theodolite, level, tacheometer, tape, etc. With the advent of Total Station, angular measurements, distance measurement, and height measurements have become quick, easy and accurate (Gopi et.al., 2017).

This chunk explains what a Total Station is, emphasizing that it combines several surveying instruments including a digital theodolite and EDM. This integration allows users to take multiple measurements (angular, distance, and height) without carrying multiple devices. As a result, Total Stations streamline the surveying process, enhancing both speed and accuracy.

Consider a Swiss Army knife, which combines multiple tools into one compact device. Similarly, a Total Station acts as a multi-tool for surveyors, simplifying their work by providing all necessary functions in one instrument.

The Global Positioning System (GPS) traditionally refers to the North American global positioning system, or satellite positioning system. Originally known as Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging (NAVSTAR), GPS was developed by the US Department of Defense for military use in the 1970s. The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) term refers to the international multi-constellation satellite system, and typically includes GPS, GLONASS, Baidu, Galileo, QZSS, NAVIC, or and any other constellation system.

This section introduces GPS and GNSS. GPS is a specific U.S. system originally designed for military use, while GNSS encompasses all satellite navigation systems globally. GNSS enables users to access multiple satellite signals from various countries, improving the reliability and precision of positioning services.

Think of GNSS as a global team of GPS satellites from different countries working together. Just as a sports team collaborates to win a game, the combined signals from these satellites ensure you get accurate navigation and positioning, no matter where you are on Earth.

The availability of EDM, Total Station and GNSS has eased the data collection and mapping work, and considerable reduced the cost and time to complete the survey work, as compared to conventional surveying equipment (Gopi et. al., 2017).

This chunk highlights the benefits of using EDM, Total Stations, and GNSS in modern surveying. These technologies significantly reduce both the time required for surveys and the associated costs by making data collection more efficient compared to traditional methods.

When you order food online, it often arrives faster than if you called to order and waited. Similarly, modern surveying technologies speed up data collection, making the entire surveying process quicker and more efficient for professionals.

Looking at the potential use of both (Total Station and GNSS), a combination of both has emerged in the market, called a Smart Station. A Smart Station is an instrument which can be used as a Total Station or as a GNSS or in combination on the same system.

This section introduces the concept of Smart Stations, which combine the functionalities of Total Stations and GNSS into one device. This innovation allows surveyors to efficiently utilize both technologies without needing to alternate between two separate instruments, streamlining fieldwork.

Imagine having a smartphone that seamlessly switches between being a camera and a mini-computer. A Smart Station serves a similar purpose in surveying, easily transforming between functions while saving time and reducing equipment load during projects.

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