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Interactive Audio Lesson
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Trip Productions and Attractions
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Let's begin with the concept of trip productions and attractions. Who can explain what these terms mean in the context of trip distribution?
Trip production refers to the number of trips generated from a zone, right?
Exactly, Student_1! And what about attractions?
Attractions are the number of trips that are drawn to a zone from other zones.
Spot on! This distinction is crucial because trip matrices rely on both productions and attractions to estimate travel demand.
How do we use these numbers in a calculation?
Good question, Student_3! We would use them alongside the cost matrix to calculate the trip matrix using the gravity model.
Can we see an example of this?
Absolutely! Let's dive into a problem where we apply these concepts.
Cost Matrix and Function f(c)
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Now, let's examine the cost matrix provided in our problem. Why do you think travel costs are important in this context?
Travel costs can influence people's choice of destination.
Exactly! The function `f(c)` we discussed takes into account these costs. Who can recall what the function looks like?
The function is `f(c) = 1/cij`, right?
Close! It reflects the diminishing utility as costs increase. Understanding this helps us model realistic trip distributions.
How do we apply this in our calculations?
We calculate `A`, `B`, and then derive the trip matrix using the formula `Tij = A Oi B Dj f(c)`. This ties everything together.
Iteration Process
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Let's move on to the iterative process. Once we have our initial `Tij`, what do we do next?
We calculate the balancing factors to adjust our values, right?
Exactly! We set `B = 1` initially, compute `A`, and keep iterating until we achieve convergence. This is a crucial step!
What do we look for to know when we've converged?
Great question, Student_1! We look at the sum of the productions and attractions to see if they match the calculated totals. If they are close, we can stop iterating.
Is there a way to measure how close we are?
Absolutely! We calculate the error = Σ|Oi - O1i| + Σ|Dj - D1j| to assess our accuracy. It's essential to minimize this error!
Error Calculation and Its Importance
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Now that we've computed our trip matrix, how do we assess its reliability?
We look at the error between our calculated productions and attractions compared to the actual ones.
Exactly, Student_3! Keeping track of this error is vital for refining our model. The lower the error, the better our estimates.
What do we do if the error is too high?
If the error is significant, we can go back and adjust our balancing factors `A` and `B` and perform additional iterations until we reach acceptable levels.
So, it’s an iterative refinement process?
Exactly! This iterative process helps ensure that our model closely reflects the real-world trip patterns.
Introduction & Overview
Read a summary of the section's main ideas. Choose from Basic, Medium, or Detailed.
Quick Overview
Standard
The section discusses several problems related to trip distribution, focusing on both the growth factor method and the gravity model. It includes examples with specific data, challenging readers to compute trip matrices and understand the implications of their results.
Detailed
Detailed Summary
In this section, we encounter practical problems illustrating the principles of trip distribution, specifically through the application of the doubly constrained gravity model.
Key Points:
- Trip Productions and Attractions: We are given trip productions and attractions for three zones, which are essential for calculating the trip matrix using the gravity model.
- Cost Matrix: The provided cost matrix is used to derive the relative costs of travel between zones, and the function
f(c)encapsulates the impact of distance or travel cost on trip distribution. - Computation: The procedures to compute trip matrices require several iterations, adjusting balancing factors
AandBbased on actual and computed values until convergence is achieved. - Error Calculation: The accuracy of the model is assessed by calculating the error between actual and predicted values, guiding necessary adjustments to ensure the model's reliability.
Through structured problems, this section underscores the importance of utilizing these models in transportation planning and offers practical tools for students to assess and analyze transportation patterns effectively.
Audio Book
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Problem Statement
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- The trip productions from zones 1, 2 and 3 are 110, 122 and 114 respectively and the trip attractions to these zones are 120,134 and 108 respectively. The cost matrix is given below. The function f(c )= 1
ij cij
1.0 1.2 1.8
1.2 1.0 1.5
1.8 1.5 1.0
Compute the trip matrix using doubly constrained gravity model. Provide one complete iteration.
Detailed Explanation
This problem asks us to compute a trip matrix based on the specified trip productions and attractions for three zones. We have the total number of trips originating from each zone (
productions) and the number of trips attracted to each zone. The cost matrix indicates how travel cost between zones is assessed, influencing trip distribution. The gravity model, which we'll use, considers the number of trips that originate from a given zone and are attracted to another, weighing this against the travel costs between those zones. For a complete iteration, one would set up the calculations involving trip productions, attractions, and cost to fill out the trip matrix based on the gravity model iteratively, adjusting to satisfy the constraints of total productions and attractions for convergence.
Examples & Analogies
Consider a scenario like a social gathering where people (trips) come from different neighborhoods (zones), each bringing a different number of guests according to how popular they are. The food and activities (cost matrix) at the gathering will determine how many guests each neighborhood chooses to send. Similarly, just as you'd adjust who is attending based on how much food you have or the activities planned, we adjust our trip matrix iteratively until the number matches the productions and attractions accurately.
Iteration Steps
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Solution
CE 320 Transportation Engineering I 52 Dr. Tom V. Mathew
CHAPTER 8. TRIP DISTRIBUTION Draft-dated-April 17, 2006
i j B D f(c ) B D f(c ) ΣB D f(c ) A = 1
j J ij j j ij j j ij i ΣBjDjf(cij)
1 1.0 120 1.0 120.00
1 2 1.0 108 0.833 89.964 275.454 0.00363
3 1.0 118 0.555 65.49
1 1.0 120 0.833 99.96
2 2 1.0 108 1.0 108 286.66 0.00348
3 1.0 118 0.667 78.706
1 1.0 120 0.555 66.60
3 2 1.0 108 0.667 72.036 256.636 0.00389
3 1.0 118 1.00 118.
Detailed Explanation
In this section, we describe how to conduct one complete iteration within the gravity model calculations. Here, we compute the balancing factors based on the productions and attractions and the cost matrix. We calculate our values, where each zone's attraction and production weigh against the costs of travel, influencing potential trips. After computing these balancing factors, we use them in the gravity model's equation to determine how trips should be distributed between zones iteratively. This process continues until the calculations converge, meaning the numbers of trips match the initial assumptions about productions and attractions.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine a sports team deciding how many players to train based on who typically shows up for practice (your production). The coach wants to make sure everyone feels welcome (attraction), but the cost (time to travel to practice) also plays a role in who decides to come. As the coach adjusts training schedules and transportation options, he keeps track of how many players are coming. Once everything aligns (convergence), he knows he has a workable plan for practice sessions.
Definitions & Key Concepts
Learn essential terms and foundational ideas that form the basis of the topic.
Key Concepts
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Trip Production and Attraction: Crucial components of trip modeling that determine travel demand.
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Cost Matrix: A representation of travel costs that impact trip distribution between zones.
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Convergence: The goal of iterative refinement in modeling to stabilize predictions.
Examples & Real-Life Applications
See how the concepts apply in real-world scenarios to understand their practical implications.
Examples
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Calculating trip matrix given productions of 110, 122, and 114, and attractions of 120, 134, and 108, using a given cost matrix.
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Using the function f(c) to derive travel preferences based on the cost matrix in a transportation project.
Memory Aids
Use mnemonics, acronyms, or visual cues to help remember key information more easily.
🎵 Rhymes Time
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To find where the trips come from, and where they're heading too, production and attraction will help you break through.
📖 Fascinating Stories
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Imagine travelers deciding to visit friends. They weigh distance (cost) against the fun they’ll have - making decisions based on whose place seems best!
🧠 Other Memory Gems
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Remember 'PARK' for productions and attractions: P = Production, A = Attraction, R = relation (balance), K = Keep costs low.
🎯 Super Acronyms
CMAR for Cost Matrix and Attraction Relations
- Cost
- Matrix
- Attractions
- Relationships.
Flash Cards
Review key concepts with flashcards.
Glossary of Terms
Review the Definitions for terms.
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Term: Trip Production
Definition:
The total number of trips generated from a specific zone.
-
Term: Trip Attraction
Definition:
The total number of trips drawn into a zone from other zones.
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Term: Cost Matrix
Definition:
A representation of the costs associated with traveling between zones.
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Term: Balancing Factor
Definition:
A factor used in modeling to adjust trip estimates to align with observed productions and attractions.
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Term: Convergence
Definition:
The process of iterative refinement to achieve a stable solution in models.
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Term: Error Calculation
Definition:
A method to assess the accuracy of model predictions against actual data.
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Term: Function f(c)
Definition:
A function representing the disincentive to travel as costs or distance increases.
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Term: Iterative Process
Definition:
Repeated calculations performed to refine model outputs.