Mesopotamian urban life flourished between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, representing a pivotal chapter in the development of civilization. Urbanization was not merely a result of agricultural fertility; instead, it emerged from complex societal factors such as trade intricacies, the emergence of specialized labor, and the establishment of writing for documentation. Archaeology, beginning in the mid-19th century, has shed light on these urban centers through systematic and careful excavations, particularly in towns like Abu Salabikh. Here, key artifacts such as clay tablets illustrate early record-keeping methods, while the interpretation of food remains and construction methods provides a glimpse into the social and economic life of these communities. This section highlights the interrelation between environmental factors, societal progression, and how archaeological practices today uncover the legacies of these ancient urbanites.