Politics
Political institutions are central to sociology as they govern the distribution of power within society. Power is defined as the ability of individuals or groups to enforce their will even against opposition, based on the recognition that power is relational—it exists in relation to those who lack it. This section differentiates between power and authority; the latter is a form of power that is perceived as legitimate. People are more likely to comply with authority, which often comes with ideologies that legitimize it.
Authority can be seen in various settings, from schools to political parties, signaling its fundamental role in maintaining order and enforcing societal norms. Furthermore, the section reflects on stateless societies that manage social order through kinship and community ties without formal government structures.
The concept of the state is vital, characterized by its political apparatus, including legal systems and military power. The state enforces order and reflects the interests of various social groups. Functionalists view the state as a representative of all societal interests, while conflict theorists argue it primarily supports dominant groups.
Modern states emphasize sovereignty, citizenship, and nationalism, each holding significant historical evolution tied to rights and participation, particularly after events like the French Revolution and Indian independence. Citizenship encompasses civil, political, and social rights, shaping individual identities and community ties. However, despite these rights, various groups, especially women, face under-representation and ongoing struggles for equality, further validated by sociological interest in understanding how political, economic, and social institutions interact and shape individual lives.