CBSE 12 Geography - Fundamentals of Human Geography | 4. Primary Activities by Pavan | Learn Smarter
K12 Students

Academics

AI-Powered learning for Grades 8–12, aligned with major Indian and international curricula.

Professionals

Professional Courses

Industry-relevant training in Business, Technology, and Design to help professionals and graduates upskill for real-world careers.

Games

Interactive Games

Fun, engaging games to boost memory, math fluency, typing speed, and English skills—perfect for learners of all ages.

Typing
Memory
Math
English Adventures
Knowledge
4. Primary Activities

Economic activities are classified into primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors, with a focus on primary activities like hunting and gathering, pastoralism, agriculture, and mining. Various agricultural systems are detailed, including subsistence and commercial farming, highlighting their characteristics and geographic relevance.

Enroll to start learning

You’ve not yet enrolled in this course. Please enroll for free to listen to audio lessons, classroom podcasts and take practice test.

Sections

  • 4

    Primary Activities

    Primary activities encompass economic pursuits directly involving natural resources, such as agriculture, fishing, and forestry.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.1

    Hunting And Gathering

    This section explores hunting and gathering as ancient economic activities that relied on natural resources for sustenance.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.2

    Pastoralism

    Pastoralism involves the herding of animals for subsistence or commercial purposes, defined by nomadic patterns and specific regional practices.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.2.1

    Nomadic Herding

    Nomadic herding, a form of pastoralism, involves mobile livestock herders who depend on animal products for their livelihood, influenced by environmental factors and traditional practices.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.2.2

    Commercial Livestock Rearing

    This section discusses the organization and practices of commercial livestock rearing, contrasting it with nomadic herding.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3

    Agriculture

    Agriculture encompasses primary economic activities that utilize natural resources such as land and water for farming, with a focus on subsistence and commercial practices.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.1

    Subsistence Agriculture

    This section discusses subsistence agriculture, its types, and how it relies on local consumption.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.2

    Primitive Subsistence Agriculture

    Primitive subsistence agriculture is a form of farming where people rely on traditional methods and grow crops primarily for their own consumption.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.3

    Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

    Intensive subsistence agriculture involves farming practices designed to yield maximum output from limited land.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.4

    Plantation Agriculture

    This section discusses plantation agriculture, outlining its characteristics, development by European colonists, and its economic significance.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.5

    Extensive Commercial Grain Cultivation

    This section explores extensive commercial grain cultivation, highlighting its characteristics, geographical areas, and the significance of various agricultural practices.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.6

    Mixed Farming

    Mixed farming combines crop cultivation and livestock rearing to enhance agricultural efficiency and maximize income.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.7

    Dairy Farming

    The section discusses the various economic activities related to dairy farming, its characteristics, and its significance in global agriculture.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.8

    Mediterranean Agriculture

    Mediterranean agriculture is a highly specialized form of commercial farming prevalent in regions bordering the Mediterranean Sea, focusing on high-value crops and characterized by specific climatic and geographical conditions.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.9

    Market Gardening And Horticulture

    Market gardening involves growing high-value crops like vegetables and fruits near urban areas for local markets, while horticulture focuses on the cultivation of plants for food, comfort, and beauty.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.10

    Co-Operative Farming

    Co-operative farming involves farmers pooling resources to improve efficiency and profitability while maintaining individual farm ownership.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.11

    Collective Farming

    Collective farming emphasizes social ownership and collaborative labor to enhance agricultural efficiency and production.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.4

    Mining

    Mining is a critical economic activity involving the extraction of minerals, shaped by various physical and economic factors.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.4.1

    Factors Affecting Mining Activity

    This section discusses the physical and economic factors influencing mining activities.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.4.2

    Methods Of Mining

    This section discusses different mining methods, highlighting the differences between surface and underground mining techniques.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.5

    Exercises

    This section covers economic activities, focusing on primary activities like hunting, gathering, pastoralism, and agriculture.

    Learning Practice

References

NCERT Study Material

Class Notes

Memorization

What we have learnt

  • Economic activities are cat...
  • Primary activities include ...
  • Different agricultural syst...

Final Test

Revision Tests