In this section, we explore the multifaceted nature of religious expressions during the Puranic period and beyond, focusing on the rise of regional languages and the oral traditions that the Bhakti and Sufi movements championed. By the mid-first millennium CE, customary practices were permeated with various localities' beliefs, resulting in a mosaic of 'great' and 'little' traditions in religious practices. Key examples include the Alvars and Nayanars in Tamil Nadu, who emphasized devotion through hymns in Tamil, enabling accessibility for all regardless of social class, including women and Shudras traditionally excluded from Vedic learning. The section further addresses how these devotional traditions maintained a dynamic and diverse narrative, as followers elaborated upon and reformulated original teachings, responding distinctly to contemporary socio-political contexts while engaging with powerful poetic voices like Kabir, Guru Nanak, and Mirabai. These historical dynamics also demonstrate how sociocultural dialogues engendered a mutual respect for both Islam and Hindu practices, enriched by the interaction between Sufi saints and local communities. Ultimately, this chapter positions the richness of languages and evolving communication as integral to the historical tapestry of religious traditions in India.