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CBSE 12 Physics Part 2
CBSE 12 Science - Physics Part 2 covers organic chemistry, hydrocarbons, and environmental chemistry, helping students grasp chemical processes and their real-life applications in an easy and understandable way.
Course Chapters
RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
Ray optics focuses on the study of light propagation through reflections and refractions, utilizing models of ideal lenses and mirrors to understand image formation. The chapter delves into various phenomena related to light, addressing laws of reflection and refraction, critical angles, and the operation of optical devices like microscopes and telescopes. Essential formulas such as the mirror equation and lens maker's formula are introduced to quantify these optical phenomena.
WAVE OPTICS
The chapter delves into the wave theory of light, discussing its fundamental principles through Huygens' principle, laws of reflection and refraction, and the phenomena of interference, diffraction, and polarization. Significant historical contributions from key figures like Huygens and Young are highlighted, reinforcing the understanding of wave optics. The chapter also emphasizes crucial experiments that showcase the behavior of light as a wave phenomenon, contrasting it with particle theory.
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER
The dual nature of radiation and matter is explored through the interactions between electromagnetic energy and electrons. The chapter discusses the emergence of the photoelectric effect, established by Hertz and further examined by Hallwachs and Lenard, leading to Einstein's theoretical formulation. Additionally, it delves into the implications of wave-particle duality, as exemplified by de Broglie's hypothesis on matter waves.
ATOMS
The chapter discusses the historical development of atomic models, starting from Thomson's 'plum pudding' model to Rutherford's nuclear model and then to Bohr's quantum model. It outlines the structure and behavior of atoms, detailing the arrangement of electron orbits and the significance of electromagnetic radiation emitted by atoms. The chapter concludes by exploring the limitations of classical models and the need for quantum mechanics in explaining atomic behavior.
NUCLEI
The chapter explores the fundamental structure and characteristics of atomic nuclei, detailing their mass composition, isotopes, and the discovery of neutrons. It delves into nuclear binding energy, the forces within nuclei, and the phenomena of radioactivity, nuclear fission, and fusion, providing insights into energy generation, both natural and artificial, in the universe.
SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS
The chapter covers semiconductor electronics, introducing the fundamental concepts of semiconductors, their classifications, and how doping alters their properties. It also explains the formation and behavior of p-n junctions and their applications in diodes and rectifiers.