Detailed Summary
The drainage system of India consists of two major types of river systems based on the geophysical characteristics of the subcontinent: the Himalayan rivers and the Peninsular rivers. Himalayan rivers, like the Indus and Brahmaputra, derive their water from rain and melted snow, which keeps them perennial. Over time, these rivers have carved out deep gorges, meandering channels, and deltas in their lower courses due to erosion and sediment deposition. Conversely, Peninsular rivers, such as the Godavari and Krishna, are primarily seasonal and depend on monsoons for water flow.
The Indus River, which flows through Pakistan after originating in Tibet, showcases a significant river system that includes major tributaries like the Zaskar and Ravi. The Ganga, originating from the Gangotri Glacier, is characterized by its length and vital tributaries like Yamuna and Ghaghara, which contribute to flooding and soil fertility. The Brahmaputra, notable for its braided channels and annual flooding, plays a significant role in the geography and culture of Assam.
In contrast, Peninsular rivers like the Narmada and Tapi flow westward and form estuaries rather than deltas, while others like the Godavari and Kaveri flow eastward towards the Bay of Bengal, creating significant agricultural regions through their extensive delta formation. Understanding these drainage systems is crucial as they not only shape the physical landscape of India but also play a pivotal role in the country's economy through agriculture, hydroelectric power, and irrigation.