Introduction to Parallel Processing - Computer Architecture
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Introduction to Parallel Processing

Introduction to Parallel Processing

The chapter covers key foundational aspects of parallel processing, highlighting its necessity due to limitations in single-processor performance and exploring the architectures that facilitate parallel computation. It delves into the intricacies of pipelining, outlining its operational mechanisms and the associated challenges such as hazards, while providing an overview of different parallel architectures classified through Flynn's Taxonomy. The critical role of interconnection networks in achieving effective parallelism is also discussed, emphasizing their impact on performance and scalability.

42 sections

Sections

Navigate through the learning materials and practice exercises.

  1. 8
    Introduction To Parallel Processing

    This section provides an introduction to parallel processing, focusing on...

  2. 8.1
    Concept Of Parallel Processing

    Parallel processing involves multiple processing units working...

  3. 8.1.1
    Motivation For Parallel Processing: Limitations Of Single-Processor Performance

    The section discusses the limitations of traditional single-processor...

  4. 8.1.1.1
    Clock Speed Limits (The "frequency Wall")

    The "Frequency Wall" refers to the physical and economic limits preventing...

  5. 8.1.1.1.1
    Propagation Delays

    Propagation delays are significant challenges in parallel processing that...

  6. 8.1.1.1.2
    Power Consumption And Heat Dissipation

    This section analyzes the challenges of power consumption and heat...

  7. 8.1.1.1.3
    Leakage Power

    Leakage power is a critical aspect of modern semiconductor devices impacting...

  8. 8.1.1.2
    Instruction-Level Parallelism (Ilp) Saturation

    Instruction-Level Parallelism (ILP) saturation refers to the inherent limits...

  9. 8.1.1.2.1
    Raw (Read After Write) Hazard - True Dependency

    This section discusses the RAW hazard, a type of data hazard in pipelined...

  10. 8.1.1.2.2
    War (Write After Read) Hazard - Anti-Dependency

    The WAR hazard represents a specific type of anti-dependency in pipelined...

  11. 8.1.1.2.3
    Waw (Write After Write) Hazard - Output Dependency

    The WAW hazard occurs in pipelined processors when two instructions write to...

  12. 8.1.1.3
    The "memory Wall" (Revisited)

    The "Memory Wall" refers to the growing performance gap between fast CPU...

  13. 8.1.2
    Definition: Performing Multiple Computations Simultaneously

    **Parallel processing** is a computing paradigm where a large problem or...

  14. 8.1.2.1

    This section elaborates on parallel processing, focusing on significant...

  15. 8.1.2.2
    Contrast With Concurrency

    This section clarifies the distinction between parallel processing and...

  16. 8.1.3
    Benefits: Increased Throughput, Reduced Execution Time For Complex Tasks, Ability To Solve Larger Problems

    The section discusses the benefits of parallel processing, emphasizing...

  17. 8.1.3.1
    Increased Throughput

    This section explores how parallel processing significantly enhances...

  18. 8.1.3.2
    Reduced Execution Time For Complex Tasks (Speedup)

    This section discusses how parallel processing reduces execution time for...

  19. 8.1.3.3
    Ability To Solve Larger Problems

    Parallel processing enables the resolution of complex computational problems...

  20. 8.1.4
    Challenges: Overhead Of Parallelization, Synchronization, Communication, Load Balancing

    This section discusses the various challenges associated with parallel...

  21. 8.1.4.1
    Overhead Of Parallelization

    This section discusses the overhead associated with parallel processing,...

  22. 8.1.4.2
    Synchronization

    Synchronization is crucial in parallel processing as it manages the...

  23. 8.1.4.3
    Communication

    This section emphasizes the importance of communication mechanisms in...

  24. 8.1.4.4
    Load Balancing

    Load balancing is the process of distributing computational workload evenly...

  25. 8.2
    Pipelining (Advanced View)

    Pipelining is a crucial technique in modern processors that enhances...

  26. 8.2.1
    Review Of Pipelining: Instruction Pipelining (As A Form Of Parallelism)

    This section provides an overview of instruction pipelining, explaining how...

  27. 8.2.1.1
    Core Idea (Assembly Line Analogy)

    This section elaborates on pipelining as a critical architectural technique...

  28. 8.2.1.2
    Application To Instruction Execution

    This section delves into the concept of pipelining in processors, explaining...

  29. 8.2.1.3
    How Parallelism Is Achieved

    Parallelism is achieved in processors through techniques like pipelining,...

  30. 8.2.1.4
    Form Of Parallelism

    This section explores the intricacies of pipelining as a significant form of...

  31. 8.2.2
    Pipeline Hazards (Detailed): Disruptions To Smooth Flow

    Pipeline hazards are disruptions in the execution of pipelined instructions...

  32. 8.2.2.1
    Structural Hazards: Resource Conflicts

    Structural hazards occur when simultaneous instructions in a pipeline...

  33. 8.2.2.2
    Data Hazards: Dependencies Between Instructions

    This section discusses data hazards in pipelined processors, focusing on the...

  34. 8.2.2.3
    Control Hazards: Branching And Jump Instructions

    Control hazards occur in pipelined processors when the outcome of a branch...

  35. 8.2.3
    Performance Metrics: Speedup Factor, Pipeline Efficiency, Throughput

    This section discusses key performance metrics for pipelining, including...

  36. 8.2.4
    Superscalar Processors: Multiple Pipelines Executing Instructions In Parallel

    Superscalar processors utilize multiple instruction pipelines to execute...

  37. 8.3
    Forms Of Parallel Processing (Flynn's Taxonomy)

    Flynn's Taxonomy classifies computer architectures based on the number of...

  38. 8.3.1
    Sisd (Single Instruction, Single Data): Traditional Uniprocessor

    SISD architecture represents a traditional computing model where a single...

  39. 8.3.2
    Simd (Single Instruction, Multiple Data)

    SIMD architecture allows a single instruction to be executed on multiple...

  40. 8.3.3
    Misd (Multiple Instruction, Single Data)

    MISD architecture allows multiple instruction streams to process a single...

  41. 8.3.4
    Mimd (Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data)

    MIMD is a flexible parallel architecture enabling multiple processing units...

  42. 8.4
    Interconnection Networks For Parallel Processors

    The section discusses the critical role of interconnection networks in...

What we have learnt

  • Parallel processing enhances computational power by enabling multiple tasks to be executed concurrently.
  • Pipelining increases CPU throughput by overlapping instruction execution but introduces complexities like structural, data, and control hazards.
  • Interconnection networks are vital for effective communication in parallel systems, influencing their performance and scalability.

Key Concepts

-- Parallel Processing
A computing paradigm that breaks down large problems into smaller tasks, executing them simultaneously on multiple processing units.
-- Pipelining
An architectural optimization that allows multiple instruction phases to overlap, increasing instruction throughput.
-- Flynn's Taxonomy
A classification system for parallel computing architectures based on the number of instruction and data streams.
-- Interconnection Networks
Networks that facilitate communication between processing elements in parallel systems, critical for performance.

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