More than 80% of the houses were totally damaged by the 2001 earthquake. The reconstructions, so this was the existing before the earthquake that was the layout and this was the newly located village layout. You can see here that these yellow colours are abandoned places and some people who do not have any land rights in this area, no land rights, they do not have any formal land rights and many people they did not relocate it.

This is the number of occupancy in the new, you can see these new constructed houses lying empty, the cost of dwelling units was 1 lakh 20,000 Indian rupees according to that time comparatively much higher. So, most of the houses are vacant, only yellow part you can occupied and you can see here that many people did not actually relocate it to the newly constructed house because it is a totally different layout.

They have health center but, people are not using that. Ayurvedic health centre also, this is not used by the people, the schools are there is primarily; primary school, this is working well, people are using it, people are sending their kids there, panchayat office is rebuilt, electricity installed, telecommunication system was installed.

Constructions; those who are rich they did not relocate better off and they built their own house in the damaged side, some people who did not have land tenure rights, constructed temporary houses or got temporary houses and remaining there, they were not included into the reconstruction projects and the newly constructed projects remain unoccupied.

Because, these people preferred to live together, they did not like this new iron-grid pattern of layout, it was done by the Hindustan Benevolent. There was no training program, allocation of financial assistance given to the NGO directly and decision makings, villages were not involved into the decision-making process.

Building materials; all building materials for these reconstructions were locally available building materials, contractor bought the building materials from outside, entirely designed by the NGO without any involvement of the people and it took 1 year 2 months to finish this project.

So, what do we see here that no utilisations of local resources designed by the NGO, no training program, NGO decide every aspect; very weak organizational setup and absence of ownership right, people refuse this one and absence of monitoring also.

In community NGO partnership approach, we have Ludiya village, there is 100 kilometer north from Bhuj, area is around 5 square kilometer, total population is 1800 mainly by Harijans and Muslims population comprised by literacy rate was 35%.

You can see that most of the people are involved in cattle rearing and wood cravings, so 50% of them are in cattle rearing and animal husbandry and some are also involved in agriculture around 20% of populations.

And distribution of community also, you can see that there is a segregations that Harijans are there and here are the Muslims populations, these two communities and there is a poor community basically around Indian rupees 2500 to 5000, this shared the entire pie almost 90%.