Classical Distributed Algorithms and the Industry Systems - Distributed and Cloud Systems Micro Specialization
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Classical Distributed Algorithms and the Industry Systems

Classical Distributed Algorithms and the Industry Systems

The module focuses on classical distributed algorithms essential for building robust and scalable cloud computing systems. It delves into the foundational challenges like time synchronization, global state recording, and mutual exclusion, demonstrating their theoretical and practical significance in cloud infrastructures. Additionally, it explores various algorithms for achieving these objectives and highlights real-world examples like Google's Chubby distributed lock service.

55 sections

Sections

Navigate through the learning materials and practice exercises.

  1. 1
    Time And Clock Synchronization In Cloud Data Centers

    This section discusses the crucial role of time and clock synchronization in...

  2. 1.1
    Synchronization In The Cloud: The Imperative For Cohesion

    This section discusses the necessity of synchronization in cloud computing...

  3. 1.2
    Key Challenges: The Adversaries Of Synchronized Time

    This section discusses the key challenges faced in achieving and maintaining...

  4. 1.2.1
    Physical Clock Drift

    Physical clock drift influences synchronization challenges in distributed...

  5. 1.2.2
    Variable Network Latency

    This section addresses variable network latency and its implications on...

  6. 1.2.3
    Fault Tolerance

    This section introduces fault tolerance in distributed systems, focusing on...

  7. 1.2.3.1
    Machine Failures

    This section delves into the complexities of achieving clock synchronization...

  8. 1.2.3.2
    Network Partitions

    Network partitions complicate robust synchronization of distributed systems,...

  9. 1.2.3.3
    Malicious Or Faulty Clocks

    This section deals with the complexities and challenges associated with...

  10. 1.2.4

    This section explores classical distributed algorithms essential for...

  11. 1.2.5
    Global Vs. Local Time Semantics

    This section explores the challenges and importance of time synchronization...

  12. 1.3
    Clock Skew And Clock Drift: Quantifying Time Discrepancies

    This section discusses the concepts of clock skew and clock drift,...

  13. 1.3.1
    Clock Skew (Δt)

    This section covers the challenges of achieving clock synchronization in...

  14. 1.3.2
    Clock Drift (Ρ)

    This section focuses on the concepts of clock drift and skew in distributed...

  15. 1.4
    External And Internal Clock Synchronization: Different Goals, Different Approaches

    This section explores the challenges and methods in synchronizing clocks...

  16. 1.4.1
    External Clock Synchronization

    This section discusses the complexities and significance of synchronizing...

  17. 1.4.2
    Internal Clock Synchronization

    Internal clock synchronization ensures consistent time across autonomous...

  18. 1.5
    Classical Clock Synchronization Algorithms

    This section explores classical clock synchronization algorithms essential...

  19. 1.5.1
    Christian's Algorithm (External, Point-To-Point)

    Christian's Algorithm is a method for clock synchronization in distributed...

  20. 1.5.2
    Network Time Protocol (Ntp) (External, Robust And Hierarchical)

    NTP is a vital protocol used to synchronize clocks across distributed...

  21. 1.5.3
    Berkley's Algorithm (Internal, Master-Slave Averaging)

    Berkley's Algorithm provides an approach for internal clock synchronization...

  22. 1.5.4
    Datacenter Time Protocol (Dtp) (Google's High-Precision Internal/hybrid Synchronization)

    The Datacenter Time Protocol (DTP) facilitates high-precision...

  23. 1.6
    Logical (Or Lamport) Ordering And Timestamps: Causality Without Absolute Time

    This section explores Lamport's logical clocks and timestamps to capture the...

  24. 1.6.1
    The 'happens-Before' Relation (→)

    The 'happens-before' relation in distributed systems defines a causal...

  25. 1.6.2
    Lamport Timestamps (Logical Clocks)

    Lamport Timestamps provide a method to track the causal ordering of events...

  26. 1.6.3
    Vector Timestamps: Capturing Full Causality

    Vector timestamps provide a mechanism for capturing complete causal...

  27. 2
    Global State And Snapshot Recording Algorithms

    This section discusses the challenges of capturing the global state in...

  28. 2.1
    Global State

    This section focuses on the challenges of capturing the global state in...

  29. 2.2
    Issues In Recording A Global State: The 'inconsistent Snapshot' Problem

    This section discusses the challenges of capturing a consistent global state...

  30. 2.3
    Model Of Communication (For Snapshot Algorithms)

    This section elucidates the principles of communication models in...

  31. 2.4
    Snapshot Algorithm: Chandy-Lamport Algorithm (Distributed Snapshot Algorithm)

    The Chandy-Lamport algorithm is a distributed computing technique for...

  32. 2.4.1
    Core Principle (The 'cut')

    This section discusses the concept of the 'cut' in distributed systems,...

  33. 2.4.2
    Algorithm Steps

    This section addresses the fundamental steps involved in achieving time...

  34. 2.4.3

    Termination in distributed computing ensures that a distributed computation...

  35. 2.4.4
    Consistency Guarantee (Strong Consistency)

    This section discusses the Chandy-Lamport algorithm, which ensures strong...

  36. 3
    Distributed Mutual Exclusion: Coordinated Access To Shared Resources

    This section discusses the concept of distributed mutual exclusion, crucial...

  37. 3.1
    Mutual Exclusion In Cloud: Resource Protection At Scale

    This section explores the concept of mutual exclusion in cloud computing,...

  38. 3.2
    Categorization Of Distributed Mutual Exclusion Algorithms

    This section categorizes distributed mutual exclusion algorithms into...

  39. 3.2.1
    Central Algorithm (Centralized Coordinator)

    This section details the central algorithm for mutual exclusion in...

  40. 3.2.2
    Ring-Based Mutual Exclusion (Token-Based)

    This section discusses the ring-based mutual exclusion algorithm, which...

  41. 3.2.3
    Lamport’s Algorithm (Timestamp-Based, Decentralized)

    Lamport's Algorithm provides a decentralized method for mutual exclusion in...

  42. 3.2.4
    Ricart-Agrawala’s Algorithm (Optimized Decentralized)

    Ricart-Agrawala’s Algorithm is an optimized decentralized mutual exclusion...

  43. 3.2.5
    Quorum-Based Mutual Exclusion

    Quorum-based Mutual Exclusion algorithms enhance resource management by...

  44. 3.2.6
    Maekawa’s Algorithm (Specific Quorum-Based)

    Maekawa's Algorithm is a quorum-based approach designed to efficiently...

  45. 3.3
    Problem Of Deadlocks: System Stagnation

    Deadlocks are states in distributed systems where processes are permanently...

  46. 3.3.1
    Necessary Conditions For Deadlock (Coffman Conditions)

    The Coffman conditions are a set of conditions that lead to deadlocks in...

  47. 3.4
    Handling Deadlocks: Prevention, Avoidance, Detection & Recovery

    This section explores various strategies for handling deadlocks in...

  48. 3.4.1
    Deadlock Prevention

    This section discusses strategies for preventing deadlock in distributed...

  49. 3.4.2
    Deadlock Avoidance

    This section covers the concept of deadlock avoidance in distributed...

  50. 3.4.3
    Deadlock Detection And Recovery

    This section discusses the concepts of deadlock detection and recovery in...

  51. 3.5
    Industry Mutual Exclusion: Chubby (Google's Distributed Lock Service)

    Chubby is Google’s distributed lock service providing robust synchronization...

  52. 3.5.1
    Context And Purpose

    This section examines classical distributed algorithms crucial for cloud...

  53. 3.5.2
    Architecture

    This section explores classical distributed algorithms crucial for robust...

  54. 3.5.3
    How Chubby Provides Mutual Exclusion

    Chubby is Google's distributed lock service that ensures mutual exclusion in...

  55. 3.5.4
    Significance In Cloud Computing

    This section outlines the critical importance of classical distributed...

What we have learnt

  • Clock synchronization is critical in distributed systems to prevent data divergence and maintain the integrity of transactions.
  • Global state recording in distributed systems is complex due to the lack of a shared clock and memory, requiring algorithms like Chandy-Lamport for consistent state capture.
  • Mutual exclusion algorithms protect shared resources in distributed systems, preventing conflicts and ensuring data integrity, with various strategies existing for achieving this.

Key Concepts

-- Time Synchronization
A method of synchronizing the independent clocks of multiple computational nodes in a distributed system to ensure consistent operation and event ordering.
-- ChandyLamport Algorithm
A distributed snapshot algorithm that captures a consistent global state of a system by marking messages and recording local states without needing a global clock.
-- Mutual Exclusion
A principle in distributed computing that ensures only one process accesses shared resources at a time, preventing race conditions and ensuring data consistency.
-- Paxos Consensus Protocol
An algorithm used for achieving consensus in a network of unreliable processors, ensuring that a majority agreement is reached before committing changes.
-- Lamport Timestamps
A method for assigning logical timestamps in distributed systems to maintain a causal ordering of events without relying on synchronized physical clocks.

Additional Learning Materials

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