Network Virtualization and Geo-distributed Clouds - Distributed and Cloud Systems Micro Specialization
Students

Academic Programs

AI-powered learning for grades 8-12, aligned with major curricula

Professional

Professional Courses

Industry-relevant training in Business, Technology, and Design

Games

Interactive Games

Fun games to boost memory, math, typing, and English skills

Network Virtualization and Geo-distributed Clouds

Network Virtualization and Geo-distributed Clouds

The chapter focuses on network virtualization and geo-distributed cloud architectures, emphasizing key principles and technologies that enable efficient resource management in cloud infrastructures. It covers server virtualization methods, software-defined networking (SDN), and the challenges of maintaining performance and reliability across geographically dispersed data centers. The content provides foundational knowledge for understanding the scalability and dynamism required in modern cloud services.

135 sections

Sections

Navigate through the learning materials and practice exercises.

  1. 1
    Server Virtualization: Enabling Resource Multiplexing In The Cloud

    Server virtualization is a foundational technology that allows efficient...

  2. 1.1
    Methods Of Virtualization: From Hardware Emulation To Os-Level Abstraction

    This section explores the various methods of virtualization, focusing on...

  3. 1.1.1
    Traditional Virtual Machines (Vms) - Hypervisor-Based (Contextual Background)

    This section discusses the fundamental principles and technologies related...

  4. 1.1.1.1
    Full Virtualization

    This section covers the concepts and technologies that underlie full...

  5. 1.1.1.2
    Para-Virtualization

    Para-virtualization is a virtualization technique that enhances performance...

  6. 1.1.2
    Using Docker (Operating System-Level Virtualization / Containerization)

    This section explains Docker's role in operating system-level...

  7. 1.1.2.1
    Fundamental Shift

    This section explores the fundamental shift from traditional virtualization...

  8. 1.1.2.2
    Core Linux Kernel Primitives

    This section explores the essential Linux kernel primitives that enable...

  9. 1.1.2.2.1

    Namespaces are crucial for isolating resources in containerization, vital...

  10. 1.1.2.2.1.1
    Pid (Process Id)

    This section explores network virtualization, focusing on technologies and...

  11. 1.1.2.2.1.2
    Net (Network)

    This section explores network virtualization and its pivotal role in...

  12. 1.1.2.2.1.3

    This section explores the concept of mounting in the context of network...

  13. 1.1.2.2.1.4
    Uts (Unix Time-Sharing System)

    The section explores the concept of UNIX Time-sharing System (UTS) in the...

  14. 1.1.2.2.1.5
    Ipc (Inter-Process Communication)

    This section covers Inter-Process Communication (IPC) and its significance...

  15. 1.1.2.2.1.6
    User (User And Group Ids)

    This section explores User and Group IDs within the context of...

  16. 1.1.2.2.2
    Control Groups (Cgroups)

    Control Groups, or cgroups, are a critical feature of Linux kernel that...

  17. 1.1.2.3
    Union File Systems (Layered Images)

    This section discusses Union File Systems in the context of Docker...

  18. 1.1.2.4
    Portability And Reproducibility

    This section discusses the importance of portability and reproducibility in...

  19. 1.1.3
    Using Linux Containers (Lxc)

    This section discusses Linux Containers (LXC), focusing on their role in...

  20. 1.1.3.1

    This section explains the foundational concepts of network virtualization...

  21. 1.1.3.2
    Relationship With Docker

    This section explores Docker's operating system-level virtualization...

  22. 1.1.3.3
    Direct Use Cases

    This section explores the critical concepts of network virtualization and...

  23. 1.2
    Approaches For Networking Of Vms: Connecting The Virtual Fabric

    This section explores various approaches to networking virtual machines...

  24. 1.2.1
    Hardware Approach: Single-Root I/o Virtualization (Sr-Iov)

    This section outlines the hardware approach of Single-Root I/O...

  25. 1.2.1.1
    Bypassing The Hypervisor

    The section covers methods of bypassing the hypervisor using technologies...

  26. 1.2.1.2
    Mechanism Of Operation

    This section discusses the core concepts of server virtualization and its...

  27. 1.2.1.2.1
    The Pf Is The Full-Featured, Standard Pcie Device.

    This section explains the role of the Physical Function (PF) in PCI Express...

  28. 1.2.1.2.2
    Vfs Are Lightweight Pcie Functions.

    This section provides an overview of Virtual Functions (VFs) in the context...

  29. 1.2.1.3
    Performance Advantages

    This section explores performance advantages in server virtualization,...

  30. 1.2.1.4

    This section discusses the limitations of network virtualization,...

  31. 1.2.2
    Software Approach: Open Vswitch (Ovs)

    This section discusses Open vSwitch (OVS), a software-based virtual switch...

  32. 1.2.2.1
    Role As A Programmable Virtual Switch

    This section discusses the function and significance of Open vSwitch as a...

  33. 1.2.2.2

    This section focuses on the role of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) as a...

  34. 1.2.2.3
    Key Capabilities

    This section introduces key capabilities of network virtualization, focusing...

  35. 1.2.2.4
    Flexibility And Automation

    This section explores the importance of flexibility and automation in...

  36. 1.2.3
    Mininet And Its Applications

    Mininet is a powerful tool for emulating large-scale software-defined...

  37. 1.2.3.1
    Purpose As A Network Emulator

    This section explores the key functionalities and importance of Mininet as a...

  38. 1.2.3.2
    Key Distinction

    This section focuses on the principles and technologies behind network...

  39. 1.2.3.3
    Architecture

    This section explores the architecture of network virtualization and...

  40. 1.2.3.4
    Core Applications In Sdn And Cloud Research/education

    This section explores the integration of software-defined networking (SDN)...

  41. 2
    Software Defined Network (Sdn): Orchestrating The Cloud's Network Fabric

    This section covers the principles of Software-Defined Networking (SDN),...

  42. 2.1
    Key Ideas Of Sdn: Pillars Of A Programmable Network

    This section explores the foundational concepts of Software-Defined...

  43. 2.1.1
    Decoupling Of Control Plane And Data Plane

    This section explores the fundamental division between the control plane and...

  44. 2.1.1.1
    Control Plane

    This section covers key concepts of the control plane in network...

  45. 2.1.1.2
    Data Plane (Forwarding Plane)

    The data plane, or forwarding plane, refers to the part of a network...

  46. 2.1.1.3
    Interface (E.g., Openflow)

    This section covers the significant role of interfaces like OpenFlow in...

  47. 2.1.2
    Centralized Control (Logical Centralization)

    Logical centralization in SDN allows a single, unified control layer to...

  48. 2.1.2.1

    This section explores the advantages of network virtualization and...

  49. 2.1.3
    Network Programmability (Open Apis)

    This section discusses network programmability through Open APIs in...

  50. 2.1.3.1
    Enabling Innovation

    This section discusses network virtualization and cloud computing...

  51. 2.1.4
    Abstraction Of Network Devices

    This section describes the concept of network device abstraction in...

  52. 2.2
    Evolution Of Sdn: From Academia To Industry Standard

    This section explores the evolution of Software-Defined Networking (SDN)...

  53. 2.2.1
    Early Concepts (1990s)

    This section explores the foundational concepts of network virtualization...

  54. 2.2.2
    The Rise Of Openflow (Mid-2000s)

    This section discusses the emergence of OpenFlow as a pivotal protocol in...

  55. 2.2.3
    Foundation Of The Onf (Open Networking Foundation)

    The Open Networking Foundation (ONF) plays a vital role in standardizing and...

  56. 2.2.4
    Diversification And Broader Adoption

    This section discusses the transition of Software-Defined Networking (SDN)...

  57. 2.3
    Sdn Challenges: Overcoming Obstacles To Widespread Deployment

    This section outlines the significant challenges faced by Software-Defined...

  58. 2.3.1
    Controller Scalability And Performance

    This section focuses on the challenges and solutions related to the...

  59. 2.3.2
    Security Of The Control Plane

    This section discusses the security challenges associated with the...

  60. 2.3.3
    Interoperability And Vendor Lock-In (New Forms)

    This section explores the challenges and new forms of vendor lock-in in...

  61. 2.3.4
    Debugging And Troubleshooting

    Debugging and troubleshooting in SDN involves understanding issues that...

  62. 2.3.5
    Migration Strategies And Coexistence

    Migration strategies and coexistence are crucial for integrating new SDN...

  63. 2.3.6
    Network Intelligence And Application Awareness

    This section explores the critical role of network intelligence and...

  64. 3
    Multi-Tenant Data Centers: The Crucial Role Of Network Virtualization

    This section highlights how network virtualization enables effective...

  65. 3.1
    The Challenges Of Multi-Tenancy

    This section discusses the hurdles facing multi-tenancy in cloud data...

  66. 3.1.1
    Strict Isolation

    This section discusses strict isolation in network virtualization as a...

  67. 3.1.2
    Ip Address Overlap

    This section explores the challenges and solutions of IP address overlap in...

  68. 3.1.3
    Dynamic Resource Provisioning

    This section discusses dynamic resource provisioning in cloud environments,...

  69. 3.1.4
    Policy Enforcement

    This section discusses the importance of policy enforcement in network...

  70. 3.1.5
    Performance Guarantees (Sla Adherence)

    This section examines the significance of performance guarantees in...

  71. 3.2
    Network Virtualization (Nv): The Solution

    Network virtualization (NV) enables the creation of isolated virtual...

  72. 3.2.1
    Overlay Networks

    This section explains overlay networks, their capabilities, and how they...

  73. 3.2.1.1
    Vxlan (Virtual Extensible Lan)

    VXLAN is a network virtualization technology that encapsulates Layer 2...

  74. 3.2.1.2
    Nvgre (Network Virtualization Using Generic Routing Encapsulation)

    NVGRE is a network virtualization technique that encapsulates Layer 2 frames...

  75. 3.2.2
    Distributed Virtual Routing And Services

    This section outlines the significance of distributed virtual routing and...

  76. 3.3
    Case Study: Vl2 (Microsoft Research)

    This section discusses VL2, a pioneering data center network architecture...

  77. 3.3.1
    Problem Statement (Traditional Data Centers)

    Traditional data centers face significant obstacles due to limited...

  78. 3.3.2
    Vl2's Solutions And Principles

    VL2's architecture presents innovative solutions for scaling and managing...

  79. 3.3.2.1
    Flat Network (Logical)

    This section discusses the concept of flat logical networks in data centers,...

  80. 3.3.2.2
    Fat-Tree Topology (Physical)

    The Fat-Tree topology is a scalable network architecture designed to provide...

  81. 3.3.2.3
    Layer 3 Routing With Extensive Ecmp

    This section discusses the significance of Layer 3 routing in data center...

  82. 3.3.2.4
    Vl2 Addressing And Directory System

    The VL2 Addressing and Directory System enables efficient server mobility...

  83. 3.3.2.4.1
    Location Independent Addresses (Lias)

    Location Independent Addresses (LIAs) provide stable IP addresses that allow...

  84. 3.3.2.4.2
    Location Dependent Addresses (Ldas)

    This section explores Location Dependent Addresses (LDAs) as a crucial...

  85. 3.3.2.4.3
    Vl2 Directory System

    The VL2 Directory System is designed to address challenges in network...

  86. 3.3.2.5
    Valiant Load Balancing (Vlb)

    Valiant Load Balancing (VLB) is a traffic engineering technique that...

  87. 3.4
    Case Study: Nvp (Nicira Network Virtualization Platform)

    NVP represents a significant advancement in network virtualization,...

  88. 3.4.1

    This section emphasizes the importance of network virtualization and...

  89. 3.4.2
    Sdn-Based Architecture

    This section discusses Software-Defined Networking (SDN) architecture,...

  90. 3.4.2.1
    Distributed Virtual Switches

    This section focuses on the architecture and significance of Distributed...

  91. 3.4.2.2
    Centralized Nvp Controller

    The Centralized NVP Controller is pivotal in managing distributed virtual...

  92. 3.4.2.3
    Overlay Networking As Core

    This section discusses how overlay networking is integral to network...

  93. 3.4.2.4
    Software-Defined Network Services

    This section explores the critical principles and technologies underpinning...

  94. 3.4.3
    Key Contributions/impact

    This section highlights the significant impact of network virtualization and...

  95. 3.4.3.1

    This section discusses the crucial role of agility in cloud computing...

  96. 3.4.3.2
    Multi-Tenancy

    Multi-tenancy in cloud computing allows multiple customers to share the same...

  97. 3.4.3.3

    This section examines the importance of VM mobility within cloud...

  98. 3.4.3.4

    This section explores the foundational technologies for automation in cloud...

  99. 4
    Geo-Distributed Cloud Data Centers: The Global Cloud Fabric

    This section explores the architecture and networking challenges of...

  100. 4.1
    Inter-Data Center Networking: Bridging Continents For Cloud Services

    This section discusses the importance of inter-data center networking,...

  101. 4.1.1
    Motivations For Geo-Distribution

    Geo-distributed cloud data centers are configured to enhance reliability,...

  102. 4.1.1.1
    Disaster Recovery And Business Continuity

    This section explores the importance of disaster recovery and business...

  103. 4.1.1.2
    Latency Reduction

    This section focuses on strategies for reducing latency in geo-distributed...

  104. 4.1.1.3
    Data Sovereignty And Regulatory Compliance

    This section discusses the importance of data sovereignty and compliance...

  105. 4.1.1.4
    Global Load Balancing And Scalability

    This section discusses the principles of global load balancing and...

  106. 4.1.1.5
    Content Delivery

    This section provides an in-depth understanding of network virtualization...

  107. 4.1.2
    Core Challenges Of Wan For Dci

    Wide Area Networks (WANs) supporting data center interconnection (DCI) face...

  108. 4.1.2.1
    Propagation Delay

    This section examines propagation delays in geo-distributed cloud data...

  109. 4.1.2.2
    Bandwidth Cost

    This section discusses the challenges and considerations of bandwidth costs...

  110. 4.1.2.3
    Complexity Of Traffic Engineering

    Traffic engineering in cloud networking involves managing complex traffic...

  111. 4.1.2.4
    Consistency Maintenance

    This section discusses the challenges and techniques involved in maintaining...

  112. 4.2
    Data Center Interconnection Techniques: Building The Global Superhighways

    This section discusses advanced data center interconnection techniques...

  113. 4.2.1
    Multiprotocol Label Switching (Mpls)

    MPLS is a versatile technology that enhances routing efficiency in data...

  114. 4.2.1.1
    Operational Layer

    This section introduces network virtualization concepts and technologies...

  115. 4.2.1.2
    How It Works (Label Swapping)

    Label swapping in Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) enhances network...

  116. 4.2.1.2.1
    At The Ingress Edge Of An Mpls Network

    This section discusses the ingress point of an MPLS network, highlighting...

  117. 4.2.1.2.2
    Within The Mpls Core

    This section explores the role of Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) in...

  118. 4.2.1.2.3
    At The Egress Ler

    The section discusses the significance of the egress Label Edge Router (LER)...

  119. 4.2.1.3
    Benefits For Dci

    This section discusses the benefits of advanced networking technologies like...

  120. 4.2.1.3.1
    Traffic Engineering (Te)

    This section explores the critical concepts of traffic engineering in the...

  121. 4.2.1.3.2
    Virtual Private Networks (Vpns)

    This section explores the significance of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) in...

  122. 4.2.1.3.3
    Fast Reroute (Frr)

    Fast Reroute (FRR) is a critical mechanism in MPLS networks that enables...

  123. 4.2.2
    Google’s B4

    Google's B4 is a high-capacity, software-defined WAN that interconnects the...

  124. 4.2.2.1
    A Private, Software-Defined Wan

    This section discusses the essential elements of a private Software-Defined...

  125. 4.2.2.2

    This section explores the critical concepts of network virtualization and...

  126. 4.2.2.3
    Sdn-Centric Design

    This section focuses on the principles and technologies underpinning...

  127. 4.2.2.4
    Hardware And Software Integration

    This section explores the integration of hardware and software technologies...

  128. 4.2.2.5

    This section examines the advantages of network virtualization and...

  129. 4.2.3
    Microsoft’s Swan

    Microsoft's Swan is a global wide-area network that interconnects Azure data...

  130. 4.2.3.1
    Global Cloud Backbone

    This section explores the critical concepts of virtualization technologies...

  131. 4.2.3.2
    Sdn Principles Applied

    This section explores the application of Software-Defined Networking (SDN)...

  132. 4.2.3.3
    Diverse Traffic Optimization

    This section discusses Microsoft's Swan network and its role in managing...

  133. 4.2.3.4
    Performance And Cost Efficiency

    Performance and cost efficiency are critical aspects of network...

  134. 4.2.3.5
    Resilience And Availability

    This section discusses the importance of resilience and availability in...

  135. 4.2.3.6
    Integration With Cloud Orchestration

    This section focuses on the principles and technologies of network...

What we have learnt

  • Server virtualization is critical for effective resource management in cloud computing.
  • Software-Defined Networking (SDN) revolutionizes traditional networking by decoupling control and data planes.
  • Network virtualization ensures robust multi-tenancy in cloud environments by providing isolated virtual networks.

Key Concepts

-- Server Virtualization
A technology that allows multiple virtual instances to be created on a single physical server to optimize resource usage and improve efficiency.
-- SoftwareDefined Networking (SDN)
An approach that separates the control plane from the data plane in networking, allowing for greater programmability and centralized control of network resources.
-- Network Virtualization
The creation of logically isolated networks over a shared physical infrastructure, essential for running multiple tenants in cloud environments.
-- MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching)
A technology that enhances the speed and efficiency of data traffic flow across networks by using labels instead of long network addresses.
-- VXLAN (Virtual eXtensible LAN)
A network virtualization technology that encapsulates Layer 2 frames into Layer 3 packets, allowing for scalability and isolation of tenant traffic.

Additional Learning Materials

Supplementary resources to enhance your learning experience.