Composition And Properties Of Air

This section provides an overview of the composition and properties of air, emphasizing the effects of its constituents on environmental quality.

Composition Of Dry Air (By Volume)

This section details the primary components of dry air and their relative proportions, focusing on the significance of air properties relevant to environmental engineering.

Properties

This section covers the composition and properties of air, emphasizing how these factors influence air quality and pollution dispersion.

Quantification Of Air Pollutants

This section covers the types of common air pollutants, their measurement units, and methods for quantifying emissions.

Common Air Pollutants

This section identifies and describes common air pollutants, their measurement methods, and their significance in air quality management.

Units Of Measurement

This section covers the various units of measurement used in quantifying air pollutants and emphasizes their significance in environmental engineering.

Pollutant Quantification Methods

This section covers the methods used for quantifying air pollutants, focusing on emission inventories and calculations based on source characteristics.

Monitoring Of Air Pollutants

This section highlights the importance and methods of monitoring air pollutants to ensure compliance with air quality standards.

Purpose

This section outlines the key components of air quality and pollution, emphasizing the composition of air, the types of pollutants, their effects, and the strategies for monitoring and controlling air quality.

Types Of Monitoring

This section explores the various types of monitoring used to assess air pollution levels and compliance with air quality standards.

Common Monitoring Techniques

This section discusses various techniques used for monitoring air pollutants to assess pollution levels and ensure compliance with air quality standards.

Air Pollution – Occupational Hazards

Occupational air pollution poses significant health risks, particularly in industries with exposure to harmful substances.

Common Hazards

This section highlights the common hazards faced by workers in industries, focusing on exposure to harmful pollutants, respiratory diseases, and preventive measures.

Prevention

This section explores key strategies for preventing air pollution and safeguarding air quality through various control measures.

Urban Air Pollution And Automobile Pollution

This section discusses the primary sources of urban air pollution, focusing on automobile pollution caused by vehicle emissions and other factors.

Urban Air Pollution Sources

This section discusses the primary sources of urban air pollution, highlighting the significant role of vehicular emissions and other contributors.

Automobile Pollution

Automobile pollution is a significant contributor to urban air pollution and includes various harmful emissions from vehicles.

Types Of Engines

This section discusses the two main types of engines used in automobiles—Spark Ignition (SI) and Compression Ignition (CI) engines—along with the factors affecting their emissions.

Chemistry Of Combustion

This section covers the fundamental principles of combustion chemistry, detailing complete and incomplete combustion processes and their environmental impacts.

Complete Combustion

Complete combustion occurs when hydrocarbon fuels react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water, minimizing pollutants.

Incomplete Combustion

Incomplete combustion occurs when fuel burns in insufficient oxygen, leading to less energy production and the emission of harmful pollutants.

Poor Combustion

Poor combustion results in higher emissions of pollutants and energy loss.

Automobile Engines, Fuel Quality, Operating Conditions, And Interrelationships

The section explores the relationship between automobile engines, fuel quality, and operating conditions, emphasizing their impact on emissions.

Engines

This section discusses various types of engines and their relation to air quality, specifically focusing on the pollutants they emit and factors affecting their performance.

Fuel Quality

Fuel quality significantly influences combustion efficiency and emissions from automobile engines.

Operating Conditions

This section explores how fuel quality and operating conditions affect the performance and emissions of automobile engines.

Interrelationship

The interrelationships between fuel type, engine quality, and operational conditions significantly impact air pollution levels.

Air Quality Standards

Air quality standards set maximum allowable pollutant concentrations to protect human health and the environment.

Established By National And International Agencies

This section discusses the establishment of air quality standards by national and international agencies to protect human health and the environment.

Examples Of Indian Ambient Air Quality Standards

This section details the ambient air quality standards in India, outlining the allowable concentration limits for various pollutants to safeguard human health and the environment.

Control Measures For Air Pollution

This section discusses various control measures to mitigate air pollution, including source control, emission control devices, and urban planning strategies.

Source Control

Source control measures are vital in reducing air pollution through cleaner fuels, improved combustion techniques, and modification of industrial processes.

Emission Control Devices

Emission control devices play a critical role in reducing air pollution by capturing and controlling harmful emissions from various sources.

Urban Planning

Urban planning involves systematic approaches to create sustainable urban environments, including zoning, public transport promotion, and urban forestry.

Limitations

This section outlines the limitations of current air pollution control measures, including high costs, maintenance issues, and the potential for secondary waste generation.