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Environmental Sciences
Explore and master the fundamentals of Environmental Sciences
You've not yet enrolled in this course. Please enroll for free to listen to audio lessons, classroom podcasts and take practice test.Chapter 1
Environmental Science Introduction and Natural Resources
The chapter presents an overview of environmental science, detailing its interdisciplinary nature and importance in addressing global environmental issues. It covers key components of the environment, including hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere, and discusses the significance of conservation of natural resources. Furthermore, it emphasizes the necessity of public awareness toward environmental challenges and highlights the multidimensional aspects of environmental studies.
Chapter 2
Major activities and threats to Forests resources
The chapter discusses the crucial issues of deforestation, water resources, and food problems exacerbated by human activities. It details the impact of development projects on forests, the conflicts over water resources, and the consequences of modern agriculture. The content also emphasizes the challenges and implications of mineral extraction, food production, and environmental sustainability.
Chapter 3
Changes Caused by Over Grazing
The chapter discusses various environmental challenges and energy resources, highlighting the impact of human activities on land degradation, desertification, and the need for sustainable practices. It categorizes energy resources into non-renewable and renewable, elaborating on their advantages and disadvantages. The chapter emphasizes the importance of conserving natural resources and suggests practical steps individuals can take to contribute to sustainability.
Chapter 4
ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERSITY
Ecosystems comprise communities of organisms and their environment, interacting for sustainable development. The chapter discusses the structure, functions, and components of ecosystems, including biotic and abiotic factors, energy flow models, and ecological succession leading to stable communities. It highlights critical interdependencies in food chains and webs, detailing their roles in maintaining ecological balance.
Chapter 5
Pyramid of Number
The chapter delves into various ecological pyramids including the pyramid of numbers, biomass, and energy, highlighting their roles in depicting ecosystem dynamics. It categorizes ecosystems into natural and artificial, and outlines their abiotic and biotic components, with specific examples like ponds, oceans, and estuaries. Furthermore, it addresses biodiversity, its levels, values, and the significance of conservation efforts.
Chapter 6
INDIA AS A MEGA DIVERSITY NATION
India is a biodiversity hotspot and is considered a 'mega-diversity nation' due to its rich flora and fauna, hosting over 75,000 species of animals and 45,000 species of plants. Key biogeographical zones contribute to the endemic species richness, particularly in the Western Ghats and Eastern Himalayas. However, biodiversity faces significant threats from habitat destruction, poaching, invasive species, and pollution, prompting urgent conservation efforts both in-situ and ex-situ.
Chapter 7
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND CONTROL MEASURES
Environmental pollution poses significant health and ecological risks, primarily due to various human activities. Pollution can be categorized into natural and manmade, affecting air, water, and soil. Different types of pollutants, including primary and secondary air pollutants, significantly impact health and the environment, necessitating urgent control measures and preventive strategies.
Chapter 8
Indiscriminate use of pest8.icides, insecticides and herbicides
The chapter explores the various forms of pollution and their impacts on the environment and health. It discusses soil pollution, marine pollution, noise pollution, thermal pollution, and nuclear hazards, detailing their causes, effects, and control measures. The interconnectivity of these pollutants highlights the need for sustainable practices to mitigate their effects on ecosystems and human health.
Chapter 9
Solid Waste Manamgement
The chapter highlights the critical issues surrounding solid waste management, emphasizing the detrimental effects of improper waste handling on health and the environment. It discusses various types of waste, the process of waste management, and specific strategies such as recycling and source reduction. Additionally, it addresses disaster management strategies for natural calamities like floods and earthquakes, underlining the importance of community roles in pollution prevention and disaster preparedness.
Chapter 10
Management of E-Wastes
The management of e-wastes and plastics waste focuses on implementing effective waste reduction strategies in industries and communities to prevent hazardous materials from polluting the environment. Key strategies include sustainable product design, recycling, and efficient waste management practices to conserve resources and reduce landfill impacts. The chapter also discusses the importance of water conservation and rainwater harvesting to maximize the utility of available water resources and reduce waste in water management.
Chapter 11
Coarse mesh
The chapter focuses on rainwater harvesting systems and their essential components, including gutters, conduits, first-flushing devices, and filtration methods. It also discusses groundwater recharge methods and the significance of watershed management for sustainable development while addressing the socio-economic challenges faced by displaced communities due to developmental projects and climate change impacts.
Chapter 12
The Greenhouse Effect
The greenhouse effect is essential for maintaining the Earth's temperature and is influenced by various natural and anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation significantly increase the concentration of these gases, leading to global warming and climate changes. Acid rain, ozone layer depletion, and nuclear threats are also critical environmental issues that arise from pollution and human negligence.
Chapter 13
Clean Developement Mechanism
The chapter delves into key environmental issues focusing primarily on the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and carbon footprints. It discusses the objectives of CDM, its implementation processes, and the multifaceted benefits it offers for climate change mitigation. Additionally, the chapter outlines how carbon footprints are measured and their significance for organizations and products in understanding and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Chapter 14
Carbon Credit
Carbon credits represent a market-based approach to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by assigning a monetary value to the cost of polluting. These credits can be generated through carbon sequestration projects or CO2-saving initiatives, forming an essential part of compliance and verified markets. The chapter discusses various methods of carbon capture, transport, and storage, alongside the economic principles applied to environmental accountability, including the Polluter Pays Principle and the importance of green building practices.
Chapter 15
Benefits Of Green Building
Green building practices and technologies significantly contribute to environmental sustainability and economic efficiency. The adoption of green computing, nanotechnology, and ISO 14000 standards further enhances environmental management and resource optimization. Understanding their benefits and applications allows for improved life quality and less environmental impact.
Chapter 16
Environmental Ethics
The chapter presents an overview of environmental ethics, key legislation governing environmental protection, and the vital role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in preserving ecological balance. Major laws such as the Environment Protection Act, Air Pollution Control Act, and Water Prevention Act are highlighted to illustrate the legal frameworks designed to combat environmental degradation in India. The text emphasizes the importance of awareness and active participation in environmental sustainability efforts.
Chapter 17
Under The Act
Environmental legislation in India plays a crucial role in the protection of wildlife and forests, spearheaded by acts such as the Wildlife Protection Act and the Forest Conservation Act. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) serves as a vital tool to assess the potential impacts of proposed projects, ensuring they are sustainable and minimally harmful to the environment. Additionally, enhancing public awareness and proper enforcement of these laws is essential for effective environmental governance.
Chapter 18
Methods For Impact Identification
The chapter delves into methods of impact identification and emphasizes the importance of a systematic approach to assess environmental effects. Various methodologies like checklists, matrices, networks, and GIS are discussed for their effectiveness in pinpointing indirect and cumulative impacts. Additionally, the chapter addresses the necessity of environmental management plans and highlights the role of NGOs in environmental protection, illustrating their contributions through specific examples.