Non-Orthodox Philosophical Traditions
The chapter explores non-orthodox philosophical traditions from ancient India, particularly Buddhism and Jainism, examining their unique approaches to suffering, liberation, ethical conduct, and metaphysical understandings. It also discusses the materialism and skepticism of the Charvaka school, further illuminating the rich philosophical landscape of the period. Key doctrines of Buddhism and Jainism are highlighted alongside their foundational figures, Siddhartha Gautama and Mahavira, and how these philosophies contrast with each other and orthodox beliefs.
Sections
Navigate through the learning materials and practice exercises.
What we have learnt
- Buddhism and Jainism offer distinct pathways to liberation emphasizing ethics and self-discipline yet diverge in their metaphysical views.
- The Four Noble Truths form the core of Buddhist teaching, outlining the nature of suffering and the path to its cessation.
- Charvaka philosophy represents radical materialism and skepticism, challenging spiritual and metaphysical traditions prevalent in ancient India.
Key Concepts
- -- Nirvana
- The ultimate goal in Buddhism, referring to the liberation from suffering and the cycle of rebirth, characterized by the extinguishing of desires and understanding the true nature of reality.
- -- Ahimsa
- The principle of non-violence in Jainism that extends to thought, speech, and action, promoting compassion towards all living beings.
- -- Dukkha
- The concept of suffering in Buddhism, seen as inherent in existence and driven by attachment and desire.
- -- Anekantavada
- The Jain doctrine of multi-faceted reality, which suggests that truth is complex and can be understood from multiple perspectives.
- -- Pratyaksha
- The Charvaka epistemological principle that asserts direct perception is the only valid source of knowledge.
Additional Learning Materials
Supplementary resources to enhance your learning experience.