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Introduction to Social-Cognitive Theory
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Today, we're diving into Social-Cognitive Theory, originally developed by Albert Bandura. This theory teaches us how we learn behaviors by observing others and how our thoughts interact with our environment. Why do you think this concept is important for understanding personality?
I think it shows that we're not just shaped by our genes but also by what we see around us.
Exactly! This highlights that our environment plays a crucial role. Now, does anyone know what observational learning means?
Is it when we learn something just by watching someone else do it?
Correct! Itβs fundamental to understanding how we model behaviors from family, friends, and media. It's a key part of the Social-Cognitive Theory.
Reciprocal Determinism
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Now, letβs talk about reciprocal determinism. This principle suggests that our behavior, personal factors, and environment influence each other. Can anyone give me an example of this?
If someone is anxious about public speaking, their anxiety might make them avoid speaking altogether, right? But what if they practice and improve?
Great example! Their anxiety is a personal factor influencing their behavior, but with practice in a supportive environment, they can change that behavior. That's the reciprocal relationship at play!
So, itβs like a cycle where changing one part can influence the others?
Exactly! This understanding can help in personal development as well as therapeutic contexts.
Locus of Control
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Letβs finish our session by discussing locus of control. Who can tell me what it means?
Is it about how much control a person feels they have over events in their life?
Perfectly said! An internal locus means you believe you control your outcomes, whereas an external locus means you believe fate or outside forces dictate them. Why is this distinction important?
I think it affects how people approach challenges. Someone with an internal locus might try harder because they believe they can succeed.
Correct! Understanding where we fall on this spectrum can greatly influence our motivation and resilience.
Introduction & Overview
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Quick Overview
Standard
Social-Cognitive Theory, developed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes the role of observational learning, imitation, and modeling in shaping behavior. It highlights the reciprocal relationship between personal factors, behavior, and environmental influences.
Detailed
Social-Cognitive Theory
Social-Cognitive Theory is a framework in psychology that explains how individuals learn behaviors through observation and interaction with their environment. Developed primarily by Albert Bandura, this theory asserts that personal influences (such as cognitive processes) and environmental factors work together to shape an individual's behavior. Bandura introduced key concepts such as observational learning and reciprocal determinism, which emphasizes that behavior, mental processes, and environmental influences are interconnected.
Key Components:
- Observational Learning (Modeling): This element suggests that people can learn new behaviors by observing others, especially model figures in their lives. For example, a child might learn to solve problems by watching a parent tackle similar situations.
- Reciprocal Determinism: This is a core principle of Social-Cognitive Theory. It describes the dynamic interaction between the individual, their behavior, and the environment. Changes in one of these elements can influence the others, demonstrating how they form a continuous cycle of affects.
- Locus of Control (by Julian Rotter): This concept differentiates between individuals who perceive outcomes as a result of their own actions (internal locus of control) and those who attribute outcomes to external factors (external locus of control). Understanding where one places control can influence motivation and behavior.
Social-Cognitive Theory serves as a significant perspective within personality psychology, enhancing our understanding of how behavior is learned and modified by environmental contexts.
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Overview of Social-Cognitive Theory
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i. Albert Bandura
β’ Observational learning (modeling)
β’ Reciprocal determinism (interaction of behavior, personal factors, and environment)
Detailed Explanation
The social-cognitive theory, primarily developed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes how people learn from one another through observation. This concept is known as observational learning or modeling. It suggests that individuals can acquire new behaviors simply by watching others perform those actions, rather than through direct experience alone.
Additionally, Bandura's theory introduces the idea of reciprocal determinism, which posits that our behaviors are influenced not just by external environmental factors but also by our internal personal factors (like thoughts and beliefs) and the behavior itself. This means that behavior, personal characteristics, and environmental cues constantly affect each other.
Examples & Analogies
Consider a child learning to tie their shoes. Instead of reading a guide, the child watches their parent tying shoes. By observing the parent's actions, the child learns the technique. This scenario represents observational learning. Now, the parent's attitude (positive reinforcement) towards tying shoes motivates the child, creating a reciprocal relationship: the behavior of tying shoes impacts the child's perception of themselves as capable, which in turn encourages more practice and improvement.
Locus of Control Concept
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ii. Julian Rotter
β’ Locus of control: Internal vs. External
Detailed Explanation
Julian Rotter introduced the concept of the locus of control, which reflects the degree to which individuals believe they have control over the events affecting them. It can be categorized into two main types: internal and external locus of control.
Individuals with an internal locus of control believe that their actions directly influence the outcomes of their lives; they see themselves as the masters of their fate. On the other hand, those with an external locus of control attribute outcomes to outside forces, such as luck, fate, or the actions of others, believing they have little control over what happens to them.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine two students preparing for an important exam. The student with an internal locus of control studies diligently, believing that their effort will result in a good grade. Conversely, the student with an external locus of control might think, 'It doesnβt matter how much I study; if the questions are too difficult or if I have bad luck, Iβll fail anyway.' This distinction shapes how each student approaches their studies and manages exam stress.
Definitions & Key Concepts
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Key Concepts
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Observational Learning: Learning through watching others.
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Reciprocal Determinism: Interaction of behavior, personal factors, and environment.
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Locus of Control: Belief in control over one's life outcomes.
Examples & Real-Life Applications
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Examples
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A child learns to tie their shoes by watching a parent.
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An employee feels they can succeed at work because they actively seek feedback and make changes based on it.
Memory Aids
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π΅ Rhymes Time
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Watch and learn; itβs not a burn, through othersβ eyes, knowledge lies.
π Fascinating Stories
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Imagine a young boy watching his father fix a bike. As he observes, he learns step-by-step, not just from instructions but from watching his father try and succeed through small failures. This story represents observational learning.
π§ Other Memory Gems
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R-E-P (Reciprocal-Environment-Person) remind us that behavior changes through their interactions.
π― Super Acronyms
O-R-C (Observational, Reciprocal, Control) for remembering the main components of Social-Cognitive Theory.
Flash Cards
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Glossary of Terms
Review the Definitions for terms.
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Term: SocialCognitive Theory
Definition:
A framework for understanding how personal factors, behavior, and the environment interact to influence behavior.
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Term: Observational Learning
Definition:
Learning that occurs by observing the behaviors of others.
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Term: Reciprocal Determinism
Definition:
The dynamic interaction between behavior, personal factors, and environmental influences.
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Term: Locus of Control
Definition:
The degree to which individuals believe they have control over their own outcomes.