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Chapter 2: Personality

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Sections

  • 2

    Personality

    Personality describes the unique and consistent patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize an individual.

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  • 2.1

    Introduction

    This section introduces personality as a key concept in psychology, emphasizing its definition, characteristics, and influences.

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  • 2.2

    Meaning And Definition Of Personality

    Personality encompasses the unique patterns of behavior and thought that define individuals, shaped by genetics and environment.

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  • 2.3

    Definitions

    This section outlines various definitions of personality offered by notable psychologists and addresses its key characteristics.

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  • 2.4

    Characteristics Of Personality

    This section explores the unique and stable characteristics of personality, highlighting the influences of heredity and environment.

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  • 2.5

    Factors Influencing Personality Development

    This section explores the key factors, including heredity, environment, and situational influences, that shape personality development.

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  • 2.5.1

    Heredity

    Heredity plays a significant role in shaping personality, influencing traits and behaviors through genetic transmission.

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  • 2.5.2

    Environment

    The environment plays a significant role in shaping personality traits and behaviors by influencing socialization processes.

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  • 2.5.3

    Situational Factors

    Situational factors refer to specific events and contexts that can influence an individual's behavior, though they do not define one's overall personality.

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  • 2.6

    Theories Of Personality

    This section explores various theories of personality, detailing how different thinkers have classified and understood human behavior.

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  • 2.6.1

    Type Theories

    Type theories explore distinct classifications of personality, offering frameworks to understand individual behaviors and traits.

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  • 2.6.1.1

    Hippocrates' Four Humours

    Hippocrates' Four Humours is a historical theory that categorizes personality types into four distinct temperaments based on bodily fluids.

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  • 2.6.1.2

    Carl Jung’s Personality Types

    Carl Jung's personality types categorize individuals based on their psychological orientation, distinguishing between introverts and extraverts.

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  • 2.6.1.3

    Sheldon’s Somatotypes

    Sheldon’s Somatotypes classify individuals into three body types influencing personality traits.

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  • 2.6.2

    Trait Theories

    Trait theories focus on identifying and measuring the specific traits that make up an individual's personality.

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  • 2.6.2.1

    Gordon Allport

    Gordon Allport significantly contributed to the understanding of personality through his dynamic organization theory, distinguishing between cardinal, central, and secondary traits.

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  • 2.6.2.2

    Raymond Cattell

    Raymond Cattell contributed significantly to personality psychology by developing a robust framework for understanding human personality through empirical research.

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  • 2.6.2.3

    Hans Eysenck

    Hans Eysenck is pivotal in personality psychology, chiefly known for his trait theory categorizing personality into three dimensions: extraversion-introversion, neuroticism-stability, and psychoticism-sociability.

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  • 2.6.2.4

    The Big Five Model (Ocean)

    The Big Five Model, known as OCEAN, encompasses the five major dimensions of personality: Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

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  • 2.6.3

    Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud)

    This section covers Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory, explaining the structure of personality, psychosexual stages, and defense mechanisms.

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  • 2.6.3.1

    Structure Of Personality

    The structure of personality involves three main components: the Id, Ego, and Superego, each playing a significant role in influencing behavior and personality development.

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  • 2.6.3.2

    Psychosexual Stages

    This section outlines Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages of development, emphasizing their impact on personality formation.

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  • 2.6.3.3

    Defense Mechanisms

    Defense mechanisms are unconscious psychological strategies that protect individuals from anxiety and help maintain self-esteem.

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  • 2.6.4

    Humanistic Theory

    The Humanistic Theory emphasizes the importance of self-actualization and personal growth in understanding personality.

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  • 2.6.4.1

    Abraham Maslow

    Abraham Maslow introduced the Hierarchy of Needs, emphasizing the progression of human motivation from basic physical needs to self-actualization.

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  • 2.6.4.2

    Carl Rogers

    Carl Rogers emphasized the importance of the self and self-concept in personality development.

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  • 2.6.5

    Social-Cognitive Theory

    Social-Cognitive Theory posits that behavior is influenced by the interaction of personal factors and environmental conditions.

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  • 2.6.5.1

    Albert Bandura

    Albert Bandura's contributions to psychology focus on observational learning and the concept of reciprocal determinism, emphasizing the interplay between behavior, personal factors, and the environment.

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  • 2.6.5.2

    Julian Rotter

    Julian Rotter's contributions to personality psychology focus on the concept of locus of control, which influences how individuals respond to life events.

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  • 2.7

    Assessment Of Personality

    This section covers different methods for assessing personality, examining objective, projective, and behavioral techniques.

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  • 2.7.1

    Objective Techniques

    Objective techniques are standardized methods for assessing personality traits through structured tests.

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  • 2.7.2

    Projective Techniques

    Projective techniques are assessment methods used to uncover hidden emotions and internal conflicts through open-ended tasks.

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  • 2.7.3

    Behavioral Techniques

    Behavioral techniques involve observation and interaction to assess personality in real-life contexts.

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  • 2.8

    Applications Of Personality Assessment

    This section discusses the various applications of personality assessments in areas such as clinical diagnosis, career counseling, and personal development.

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  • 2.9

    Summary

    Personality is the collection of characteristics that make individuals unique, influenced by both heredity and environment, and assessed through various theories and methods.

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References

12 psychology ch2.pdf

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