ICSE Class 12 Psychology | Chapter 1: Intelligence and Ability by Abraham | Learn Smarter
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Chapter 1: Intelligence and Ability

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Sections

  • 1

    Chapter 1: Intelligence And Ability

    This section introduces intelligence as a key concept in psychology and covers its definition, types, theories, measurement, and the relationship between heredity and environment.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.1

    Introduction

    This section introduces the study of intelligence in psychology, its definitions, characteristics, and the impact of both heredity and environment on intelligence.

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  • 1.2

    Meaning And Nature Of Intelligence

    This section defines intelligence, explores its characteristics, and presents various theories and measurement methods.

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  • 1.2.1

    Definition Of Intelligence

    Intelligence is a complex concept defined as the capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and effectively adapt to the environment.

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  • 1.2.2

    Characteristics Of Intelligence

    Intelligence is characterized by goal-oriented behavior, problem-solving abilities, individual differences, and influences from both genetics and the environment.

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  • 1.3

    Theories Of Intelligence

    This section discusses various theories of intelligence, including unitary and multifactor theories, Spearman’s two-factor theory, Thurstone’s primary mental abilities, Gardner’s multiple intelligences, and Sternberg’s triarchic theory.

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  • 1.3.1

    Unitary Vs. Multifactor Theories

    This section discusses the contrasting perspectives of unitary and multifactor theories of intelligence, highlighting their definitions and key proponents.

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  • 1.3.1.1

    Unitary Theory

    The Unitary Theory posits that intelligence is a single, general ability, contrasted with multiple factor theories that recognize diverse intelligences.

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  • 1.3.1.2

    Multifactor Theory – Edward Thorndike

    Edward Thorndike's Multifactor Theory posits that intelligence is a combination of multiple independent abilities, including social, concrete, and abstract intelligence.

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  • 1.3.2

    Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory

    Spearman's Two-Factor Theory posits that intelligence comprises a general intelligence factor (G) and specific intelligence factors (S) that vary across tasks.

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  • 1.3.3

    Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities

    Thurstone proposed that intelligence comprises seven distinct primary mental abilities.

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  • 1.3.4

    Gardner’s Theory Of Multiple Intelligences

    Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences outlines eight distinct types of intelligence, emphasizing the diversity of human capabilities.

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  • 1.3.5

    Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Of Intelligence

    Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence identifies three main components: analytical, creative, and practical intelligence, emphasizing a holistic view of human cognitive abilities.

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  • 1.4

    Measurement Of Intelligence

    This section covers the concept of measuring intelligence, primarily through IQ tests and their various types.

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  • 1.4.1

    Iq (Intelligence Quotient)

    This section outlines the definition, measurement, and implications of Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and its relationship to intelligence.

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  • 1.4.2

    Types Of Intelligence Tests

    This section covers the various types of intelligence tests, including individual, group, verbal, and non-verbal assessments.

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  • 1.4.2.1

    Individual Tests

    This section focuses on individual tests for measuring intelligence, emphasizing their characteristics and examples.

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  • 1.4.2.2

    Group Tests

    Group tests are standardized assessments administered to multiple individuals simultaneously, designed to measure intelligence and cognitive abilities.

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  • 1.4.2.3

    Verbal And Non-Verbal Tests

    This section discusses verbal and non-verbal intelligence tests, highlighting their definitions, examples, and the significance of each type.

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  • 1.5

    Heredity And Environment In Intelligence

    This section discusses the interplay between heredity and environment in determining intelligence, emphasizing the role of genetics and environmental factors.

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  • 1.5.1

    Role Of Heredity

    This section explains the impact of heredity on intelligence, emphasizing its genetic basis alongside environmental influences.

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  • 1.5.2

    Role Of Environment

    The role of environment in shaping intelligence highlights how external factors interact with heredity to influence cognitive abilities.

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  • 1.5.3

    Interactionist Approach

    The Interactionist Approach emphasizes that intelligence is shaped by both heredity and environmental factors.

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  • 1.6

    Concept Of Ability

    The concept of ability encompasses an individual's capacity to perform tasks, with intelligence being a key component.

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  • 1.6.1

    Definition

    This section provides a comprehensive overview of intelligence, exploring its definition, key characteristics, and its relationship with ability.

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  • 1.6.2

    Types Of Abilities

    The section covers different types of abilities, including aptitude, achievement, and talent, and their significance in understanding individual capacities.

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  • 1.6.2.1

    Aptitude

    Aptitude refers to an individual's potential or inherent ability to excel in a specific domain or task.

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  • 1.6.2.2

    Achievement

    Achievement refers to an individual's learned knowledge and accomplishments in various domains.

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  • 1.6.2.3

    Talent

    Talent is defined as a natural ability or skill in a specific area, distinguishing it from other forms of ability such as aptitude and achievement.

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  • 1.7

    Chapter Summary

    The chapter summarizes key concepts of intelligence, its theories, measurement, and the role of heredity and environment.

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  • 1.8

    Key Terms

    This section defines essential terms related to intelligence, including intelligence itself and its components such as IQ, aptitude, and factors influencing intelligence.

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References

12 psychology ch1.pdf

Class Notes

Memorization

Revision Tests