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Chapter 7: Attitudes

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Sections

  • 1

    What Are Attitudes?

    Attitudes are learned evaluative judgments that significantly influence human behavior.

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  • 1.1

    Key Features Of Attitudes

    This section explores the fundamental characteristics of attitudes, including their learned nature, persistence, and influence on behavior.

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  • 2

    Components Of Attitudes

    This section outlines the three components of attitudes—affective, behavioral, and cognitive—and explains how these components interact to shape an individual's overall attitude towards an object or situation.

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  • 2.1

    Affective Component

    The affective component of attitudes involves the emotions and feelings individuals have toward an attitude object.

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  • 2.2

    Behavioral Component

    The behavioral component of attitudes emphasizes the actions influenced by our evaluations, beliefs, and emotions toward objects or situations.

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  • 2.3

    Cognitive Component

    The cognitive component of attitudes encompasses the beliefs, thoughts, and perceptions that individuals have about an attitude object.

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  • 3

    Types Of Attitudes

    The section discusses the different types of attitudes, such as explicit vs. implicit, positive vs. negative, neutral, and social vs. personal attitudes.

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  • 3.1

    Explicit Vs. Implicit Attitudes

    This section explores the distinction between explicit and implicit attitudes, highlighting their conscious versus subconscious nature and their implications in understanding human behavior.

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  • 3.2

    Positive Vs. Negative Attitudes

    This section discusses the distinctions between positive and negative attitudes and their impact on behavior and decision-making.

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  • 3.3

    Neutral Attitudes

    Neutral attitudes are defined as an indifferent or balanced stance towards an object, person, or situation, reflecting a lack of strong feelings either way.

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  • 3.4

    Social Vs. Personal Attitudes

    This section explores the distinction between social attitudes, shaped by societal influences, and personal attitudes, which are shaped by individual experiences.

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  • 4

    Formation Of Attitudes

    This section explains how attitudes are formed and the factors influencing them, including personal experiences and social learning.

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  • 4.1

    Direct Experience

    This section discusses how direct experiences shape attitudes and the implications of these experiences on individual behavior.

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  • 4.2

    Social Learning

    Social learning refers to the process through which individuals acquire attitudes by observing others and interacting within their social environment.

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  • 4.3

    Classical Conditioning

    Classical conditioning is a learning process that creates associations between a previously neutral stimulus and an unconditioned response.

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  • 4.4

    Operant Conditioning

    Operant conditioning is a learning process where behaviors are modified through reinforcement or punishment.

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  • 4.5

    Cognitive Dissonance

    Cognitive dissonance refers to the mental discomfort experienced when holding two or more conflicting beliefs or attitudes, prompting individuals to change their attitudes to reduce this discomfort.

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  • 5

    Theories Of Attitudes

    The section explores various theories that explain how attitudes are formed, maintained, and changed, emphasizing their link to behavior.

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  • 5.1

    Theory Of Reasoned Action (Tra)

    The Theory of Reasoned Action posits that attitudes influence intentions, which in turn guide behaviors, emphasizing the evaluation of outcomes before acting.

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  • 5.2

    Elaboration Likelihood Model (Elm)

    The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) outlines how attitudes are changed through two distinct routes: the central and peripheral routes.

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  • 5.3

    Balance Theory (Heider)

    Balance Theory posits that individuals strive for consistency in their attitudes, adjusting them to maintain harmony when faced with conflicting evaluations.

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  • 6

    Attitude Change

    Attitude change is a dynamic process influenced by social and psychological factors.

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  • 6.1

    Persuasion

    Persuasion is a key psychological process influencing how attitudes form and change.

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  • 6.2

    Cognitive Dissonance Theory

    Cognitive Dissonance Theory explains how individuals adjust their attitudes to align with their behaviors when there’s a conflict between the two.

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  • 6.3

    Group Influence

    Group influence refers to the ways in which individuals are affected by the attitudes and behaviors of their peer groups.

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  • 7

    The Role Of Attitudes In Behavior

    This section discusses the influence of attitudes on behavior, highlighting the indirect relationship and the effects of situational factors.

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  • 8

    Summary

    This section provides a comprehensive summary of the chapter on attitudes, highlighting the definition, components, types, formation, theories, and influences of attitudes on behavior.

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References

12 psychology ch7.pdf

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