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ICSE Class 12 Sociology
Explore and master the fundamentals of ICSE Class 12 Sociology
You've not yet enrolled in this course. Please enroll for free to listen to audio lessons, classroom podcasts and take practice test.Chapter 1
The Social Institutions
Social institutions organize human behavior and are essential for societal cohesion, influencing roles and relationships. This chapter explores key institutions, including family, education, religion, economy, and polity, discussing their functions and the interrelationships between them. It highlights how these institutions adapt to modern changes such as globalization, technology, and shifting cultural values.
Chapter 2
The Religion and Society
Religion serves as a complex institution influencing social structures, individual behavior, and moral guidance. The chapter explores the diverse roles of religion, including social integration, control, and its ability to inspire social change. Through the perspectives of sociologists like Durkheim, Weber, and Marx, the chapter examines both the stabilizing and transformative effects of religion in society. Additionally, it addresses the impact of secularization and globalization on religious practices in a diverse world.
Chapter 3
The Political Organisation
Political organisation is integral to how power and authority are structured and exercised within societies. It comprises various systems, such as democracy and monarchy, that govern human interactions. Understanding political institutions is crucial for addressing societal governance, law maintenance, and the role of citizens in democratic participation.
Chapter 4
The Economic
The chapter examines the economic organization within societies, focusing on how goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed. It underscores the significance of division of labor, various systems of exchange, and types of economic systems, while highlighting the classification of occupations and the distinctions between formal and informal economies. Additionally, it addresses the impact of globalization, urging a sociological perspective that recognizes cultural values and social justice in economic behaviors and policies.
Chapter 5
The Tribal India – Past, Present and Future
The chapter explores the rich cultural heritage and socio-economic challenges faced by tribal communities in India, emphasizing their historical marginalization, current struggles, and potential future pathways for empowerment. It highlights the impact of colonialism, post-independence policies, and contemporary issues like land alienation and cultural erosion. The chapter advocates for a development model that respects tribal identities and promotes inclusivity while ensuring self-reliance and dignity for these communities.
Chapter 6
The Social Stratification
Social stratification represents the structured inequality across different social groups based on various criteria such as wealth, power, and occupation. It manifests through different systems, notably caste, class, slavery, and estate, influencing access to resources and status within society. Theories such as Functionalism and Conflict Theory offer varying perspectives on the necessity and impacts of stratification, with modern societies witnessing a shift from caste-based to class-based hierarchies yet continuing to grapple with issues of inequality and discrimination.
Chapter 7
Social Change and Development
Social change signifies significant alterations in social structure and cultural patterns over time, while development enhances quality of life and economic well-being. Both concepts are interconnected, influenced by factors like technology, economy, culture, and state policy. The roles of industrialization and globalization have notably reshaped society, with urbanization presenting both opportunities and challenges for communities.