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Diagonalization is a transformative technique in linear algebra that facilitates matrix operations by converting a square matrix into a diagonal form, significantly easing computations critical for civil engineering applications. Understanding eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and the criteria for diagonalization enables engineers to solve complex problems in structural analysis and systems modeling efficiently. This chapter intricately explores the process of diagonalization, application in real-world engineering scenarios, and the significance of symmetric matrices in ensuring numerical stability.