Professional Courses
Industry-relevant training in Business, Technology, and Design to help professionals and graduates upskill for real-world careers.
Categories
Interactive Games
Fun, engaging games to boost memory, math fluency, typing speed, and English skillsβperfect for learners of all ages.
Typing
Memory
Math
English Adventures
Knowledge
Enroll to start learning
Youβve not yet enrolled in this course. Please enroll for free to listen to audio lessons, classroom podcasts and take mock test.
Interactive Audio Lesson
Listen to a student-teacher conversation explaining the topic in a relatable way.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Unlock Audio Lesson
Signup and Enroll to the course for listening the Audio Lesson
Today, we're going to learn about Scanning Electron Microscopy, also known as SEM. Can anyone tell me what they think SEM does?
Does SEM help us look at the surface of nanomaterials?
Exactly! SEM uses a focused beam of electrons to scan the surface, producing detailed images. Remember, SEM provides 3D-like images, making it great for examining surface morphology.
What kind of details can we see with SEM?
Good question! SEM reveals textures and size distributions of particles. When combined with EDS, it can even give us elemental composition data. SEM typically has a resolution of 1 to 20 nm.
So itβs not just about seeing the particle sizes but also their surface features?
Exactly! The surface features are critical in various applications. To remember this, think of SEM as a 'surface detective' in nanomaterials, revealing hidden details.
Can we use SEM for biological materials?
Yes, we can, but we must prepare the samples properly since biological materials can be sensitive. Summing up, SEM is a key player in studying surface morphology at the nanoscale.
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Unlock Audio Lesson
Signup and Enroll to the course for listening the Audio Lesson
Next, let's investigate Transmission Electron Microscopy, or TEM. What do you think is the primary operation of TEM?
Is it similar to SEM?
Good observation! While SEM scans surfaces, TEM transmits electrons through very thin samples. This allows us to see internal structures in great detail.
What kind of structures can we see with TEM?
You can view atomic to molecular structures, including defects and grain boundaries. TEM can provide images with a resolution of up to 0.1 nm, allowing us to see crystal defects!
So, TEM is like a 'microscope within a microscope'?
That's a creative analogy! Remember, TEM's function is crucial for detailed structural studies in nanotechnology.
Can we see different materials with TEM?
Definitely! TEM is widely used for various materials, especially ceramics and semiconductors. In summary, TEM helps us unravel the internal mysteries of nanomaterials.
Spectroscopy Techniques
Unlock Audio Lesson
Signup and Enroll to the course for listening the Audio Lesson
Let's transition into Spectroscopy Techniques. Who can explain what spectroscopy measures?
It measures how materials interact with light, right?
Exactly! Spectroscopy analyzes the interactions, which can tell us about chemical compositions and bonding. Can anyone name a specific type of spectroscopy?
What about UV-Visible Spectroscopy?
Great example! UV-Vis measures light absorption and is sensitive to nanoparticle size changes. Remember, it helps monitor synthesis by observing color changes in nanoparticles!
What are the other spectroscopy techniques?
We also have X-ray Diffraction, which analyzes how X-rays diffract through crystals to reveal structure, Raman Spectroscopy for molecular fingerprints, and FTIR for chemical bonding analysis. Memorize them as a spectrum of tools!
So all these techniques complement each other?
Exactly! Together they provide a comprehensive understanding of nanomaterials, making it vital for scientists in nanotechnology.
Surface Area and Porosity Analysis
Unlock Audio Lesson
Signup and Enroll to the course for listening the Audio Lesson
Now, letβs shift to Surface Area and Porosity Analysis. Why do you think surface area is important for nanomaterials?
Because it affects their chemical activity, right?
Exactly right! Higher surface area can improve catalytic activity. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, or BET method, is a primary technique for measuring surface area using nitrogen gas adsorption. Can anyone explain how that works?
Does it measure how much gas the nanoparticles can absorb?
Correct! This measurement helps calculate the specific surface area. What about porosity? Why does that matter?
It tells us about how well materials can hold liquids or gases?
Perfect! Techniques to measure porosity include mercury intrusion and gas adsorption! So remember, surface area and porosity are crucial for applications in filtration, catalysis, and drug delivery.
Case Studies and Data Interpretation
Unlock Audio Lesson
Signup and Enroll to the course for listening the Audio Lesson
Let's dive into interpreting characterization data. Can anyone provide an example of data we might analyze?
Maybe SEM images?
Yes! With SEM images, we can evaluate particle size distribution and surface roughness. It's essential for assessing material quality. What about XRD patterns?
They help confirm crystallinity and match peaks to known structures.
Great answer! Interpreting the peak position and intensity gives insight into structural purity and phase changes. What about UV-Vis spectra?
We can monitor shifts indicating changes in particle size or aggregation.
Exactly! And Raman spectra can reveal defects or stresses in materials. Thus, understanding and interpreting data is as critical as the characterization itself.
Introduction & Overview
Read a summary of the section's main ideas. Choose from Basic, Medium, or Detailed.
Quick Overview
Standard
Characterization techniques are fundamental in the field of nanomaterials as they allow scientists to visualize, analyze, and understand the structural and chemical properties of nanomaterials. This section covers microscopy methods like SEM, TEM, AFM, and STM, alongside important spectroscopy methods and surface area measurement techniques.
Detailed
Characterization Techniques for Nanomaterials
Characterization techniques play an essential role in nanotechnology by providing crucial insights into the morphology, structure, and chemical composition of nanomaterials. This chapter discusses various microscopy and spectroscopy techniques as well as methods for surface area and porosity analysis, which are vital for understanding and application of nanomaterials.
5.1 Microscopy Techniques
Microscopy techniques include:
1. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Utilizes electrons to scan the sample surface to generate 3D-like images, revealing surface morphology and particle size distribution. Typical resolution ranges from 1 nm to 20 nm.
2. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Allows a beam of electrons to pass through extremely thin samples, yielding high-resolution 2D images that can display internal structures at atomic levels. TEM can provide detail about crystal defects and nanoparticle shapes with a resolution as low as 0.1 nm.
3. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM): Engages a sharp tip to scan the sample surface by measuring interaction forces, yielding 3D topographical images at nanometer resolution. AFM is useful for non-conductive samples and biological materials.
4. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM): Measures electrical tunneling current between a conductive tip and sample, allowing atomic-scale visualization of surfaces.
5.2 Spectroscopy Techniques
Various spectroscopy techniques discussed include:
1. UV-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis): Monitors absorption of ultraviolet and visible light to analyze nanoparticle size and shape.
2. X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Analyzes X-ray diffraction patterns from crystalline materials to assess crystal structures and phase identification.
3. Raman Spectroscopy: Uses inelastic scattering of light to identify molecular structures and bond characteristics.
4. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR): Measures infrared radiation absorption, providing information on molecular bonds within nanomaterials.
5.3 Surface Area and Porosity Analysis
Understanding the surface area and porosity of nanomaterials is crucial for their performance in applications. Techniques like the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method using nitrogen gas adsorption help in measuring specific surface area, while other methods like mercury intrusion porosimetry assess pore size and distribution.
5.4 Case Studies: Interpreting Characterization Results
Practical analysis of data includes interpreting SEM images to evaluate nanoparticle characteristics, XRD patterns for crystallinity verification, UV-Vis spectra for monitoring particle growth, and Raman spectra for detecting structural defects.
Overall, mastering these techniques empowers researchers to design, optimize, and effectively apply nanomaterials across various fields.
Youtube Videos
Audio Book
Dive deep into the subject with an immersive audiobook experience.
5.1 Microscopy Techniques Overview
Unlock Audio Book
Signup and Enroll to the course for listening the Audio Book
Microscopy plays a vital role in nanotechnology by allowing direct visualization of nanomaterialsβ structure, morphology, and surface features. Different microscopy methods are suited for different scales and types of information.
Detailed Explanation
Microscopy is essential in nanotechnology because it enables scientists to see the very tiny structures of materials that are nanometers in size. This direct visualization allows researchers to analyze the shape, arrangement, and surface characteristics of nanomaterials. There are several types of microscopy techniques, each tailored for specific scales of observation or types of information one wants to gather from the materials.
Examples & Analogies
Think of microscopy as a zoom lens on a camera. Just like a zoom lens lets you see details of a vast landscape, microscopy helps scientists zoom into the minute details of nanomaterials, which are often invisible to the naked eye.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Unlock Audio Book
Signup and Enroll to the course for listening the Audio Book
β SEM uses a focused beam of electrons that scans over the surface of the sample.
β The interaction between electrons and atoms produces signals that generate highly detailed, three-dimensional-like images.
β SEM is widely used to study surface morphology, texture, and particle size distribution.
β It can also provide elemental composition information when coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).
β Typical resolution ranges from 1 nm to 20 nm.
Detailed Explanation
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) works by directing a focused beam of electrons onto the surface of a nanomaterial. When these electrons hit the sample, they interact with the material's atoms and produce signals that can be converted into high-resolution, three-dimensional-like images of the surface. SEM is crucial for examining the surface textures and shapes of nanoparticles and can also analyze the elemental composition if paired with other techniques like EDS. The resolution of SEM allows it to image details as small as 1 nanometer, providing insights into the structural properties at an incredibly detailed scale.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine using a powerful spotlight on a statue in a dark room; the closer you get and the more focused the light, the more details you can see, like cracks or textures. Similarly, SEM shines a beam of electrons that illuminates the tiny details of nanomaterials, bringing their structures into sharp focus.
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Unlock Audio Book
Signup and Enroll to the course for listening the Audio Book
β TEM directs a beam of electrons through a very thin sample.
β It provides extremely high-resolution images, revealing internal structures at the atomic or molecular level.
β TEM images are two-dimensional projections but can show crystal defects, grain boundaries, and nanoparticle shape.
β Used extensively for detailed structural and crystallographic studies.
β Resolution can be as low as 0.1 nm.
Detailed Explanation
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) operates by sending electrons through a very thin sample. This technique allows scientists to capture extremely high-resolution images that reveal the internal structure of the material, including features at the atomic level. Unlike SEM, which provides three-dimensional images of surfaces, TEM gives two-dimensional projections that can reveal details like crystal defects or the arrangement of atoms within materials. TEM's resolution can reach an impressive 0.1 nanometers, making it invaluable for studying the fine structures of nanoparticles.
Examples & Analogies
Consider TEM like looking through a two-way mirror. You can see a detailed reflection of yourself (the internal structure) but cannot perceive everything that is happening outside. TEM gives scientists a detailed look into whatβs happening inside the nanomaterials, just as looking in the mirror allows you to see detailed features on your face.
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
Unlock Audio Book
Signup and Enroll to the course for listening the Audio Book
β AFM uses a sharp tip attached to a cantilever that "feels" the sample surface as it scans.
β The forces between the tip and surface (van der Waals, electrostatic, etc.) cause deflections measured by a laser beam.
β AFM provides 3D surface topography at nanometer resolution and can operate in air or liquid environments.
β It is useful for non-conductive samples and biological materials.
β AFM can measure surface roughness, particle size, and mechanical properties like stiffness.
Detailed Explanation
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) uses a very fine tip attached to a flexible arm (cantilever) that scans over a sample's surface. As the tip moves, it 'feels' the surface, and the slightest forcesβlike van der Waals forcesβcause deflections in the cantilever, detected by a laser. This allows AFM to map out the surface in three dimensions with nanometer precision. AFM is versatile, as it can operate in either air or liquid, making it suitable for various materials, including those that are non-conductive or biological. It can measure vital characteristics, such as surface roughness and mechanical properties.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine using a very sensitive fingertip to feel the texture of a surface while blindfolded. That sensation helps you understand the surface's details even without seeing them. AFM does something similar by using a fine tip to 'feel' and create a detailed topographic map of nanomaterials.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)
Unlock Audio Book
Signup and Enroll to the course for listening the Audio Book
β STM measures the tunneling current between a conductive tip and a conductive sample surface.
β It requires electrical conductivity and is capable of imaging individual atoms.
β STM produces atomic-scale resolution images, allowing study of surface electron density and defects.
β It is important in surface physics and nanoelectronics research.
Detailed Explanation
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) works by measuring the tunneling current that occurs when a conductive tip is brought very close to a conductive surface. By monitoring this current, STM can produce images that reveal details at the atomic level, allowing researchers to visualize individual atoms. STM is indispensable for studying the electronic properties of surfaces and is widely used in fields like surface physics and nanoelectronics, where understanding electron behavior is crucial.
Examples & Analogies
Think of STM like a very precise stethoscope that can pick up the faintest sounds from within your body. Just as the stethoscope can reveal important information about your heart's rhythm or other internal processes, STM can uncover the intricate details of atomic arrangements and electronic patterns on surfaces.
5.2 Spectroscopy Techniques Overview
Unlock Audio Book
Signup and Enroll to the course for listening the Audio Book
Spectroscopy helps to analyze chemical composition, molecular bonding, and electronic structure by studying the interaction of light or other radiation with materials.
Detailed Explanation
Spectroscopy is a collection of techniques used to analyze the properties of materials by observing how they interact with light or other types of radiation. By evaluating the light absorbed, emitted, or scattered by a material, scientists can determine information about its chemical composition, molecular structure, and even how materials bond at a molecular level. This is key for understanding the behavior and attributes of nanomaterials.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine holding up a prism to sunlight; the prism separates the light into a spectrum of colors, allowing you to see different wavelengths. Similarly, spectroscopy examines how nanomaterials interact with different forms of radiation, revealing crucial information about their properties.
UV-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis)
Unlock Audio Book
Signup and Enroll to the course for listening the Audio Book
β Measures absorption or transmission of ultraviolet and visible light by nanomaterials.
β Sensitive to size and shape changes in nanoparticles because of quantum confinement effects.
β Used to monitor synthesis and concentration of nanoparticles.
β Example: Gold nanoparticles show characteristic color changes with size variations.
Detailed Explanation
UV-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis) involves measuring how nanomaterials absorb or transmit ultraviolet and visible light. This technique can detect changes in the size or shape of nanoparticles, which is important due to quantum confinement effectsβwhere the properties of nanoparticles differ significantly from larger particles. Researchers utilize UV-Vis to monitor the synthesis of nanoparticles and determine their concentrations. An interesting example is gold nanoparticles, which display rich color variations based on their size.
Examples & Analogies
Think of how the color of a pool might change depending on the light conditions or the presence of different materials. Similarly, UV-Vis spectroscopy helps scientists see how the colors exhibited by nanoparticles vary based on their size and concentration.
X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
Unlock Audio Book
Signup and Enroll to the course for listening the Audio Book
β XRD analyzes how X-rays diffract through crystalline materials.
β Produces patterns revealing crystal structure, phase identification, and crystallite size.
β Helps detect impurities or secondary phases in nanomaterials.
β Scherrer equation is often used to estimate particle size from peak broadening.
Detailed Explanation
X-ray Diffraction (XRD) is a technique used to study crystalline materials by examining how X-rays are diffracted as they pass through a sample. The resulting diffraction patterns enable scientists to identify the crystal structure, identify different phases within the material, and determine crystallite sizes. XRD can also help in spotting impurities or secondary phases that may be present in nanomaterials. Often, the Scherrer equation is employed to quantify particle size based on the broadening of the diffraction peaks.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine tossing a stone into a calm pond and observing how the ripples spread. XRD works in a similar way, where the 'ripples' are the X-ray beams passing through a material and getting scattered, revealing detailed patterns that tell scientists all about the atomic arrangement inside the material.
Raman Spectroscopy
Unlock Audio Book
Signup and Enroll to the course for listening the Audio Book
β Based on inelastic scattering of monochromatic light (usually from a laser).
β Provides molecular fingerprints through vibrational modes of bonds.
β Useful for identifying chemical composition, stress, and defects in nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes and graphene.
β Can be applied to solids, liquids, and gases.
Detailed Explanation
Raman Spectroscopy relies on the inelastic scattering of monochromatic light, typically from a laser. When light interacts with molecular bonds within a material, it can shift in energy, providing what's known as a 'molecular fingerprint' that reflects the vibrational states of the bonds. This technique is particularly effective for analyzing chemical composition, detecting stress, and identifying defects in materials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene. It can be applied to various states of matter: solids, liquids, and gases.
Examples & Analogies
Consider how different musical instruments produce unique sounds when played. Just as a specific note indicates a certain instrument, Raman spectroscopy reveals unique vibrational signatures that help scientists identify various materials.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
Unlock Audio Book
Signup and Enroll to the course for listening the Audio Book
β Measures absorption of infrared radiation by chemical bonds in molecules.
β Identifies functional groups and chemical environment in nanomaterials, including surface modifications.
β Important for studying organic coatings, polymers, and biological nanostructures.
Detailed Explanation
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is a technique that measures how molecules absorb infrared radiation. When infrared light hits molecular bonds, it provides information about the types of bonds present and their functional groups. This is particularly valuable for studying surface modifications and chemical environments in nanomaterials like organic coatings and polymers, allowing scientists to understand how the nanomaterials interact with their surroundings.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine tuning a radio to hear different frequencies. FTIR operates on a similar principle by analyzing how bond vibrations absorb specific frequencies of infrared light. This way, scientists can decode the 'settings' of chemical bonds in their nanomaterials.
5.3 Surface Area and Porosity Analysis
Unlock Audio Book
Signup and Enroll to the course for listening the Audio Book
β The surface area of nanomaterials is critical as many properties like catalytic activity depend on it.
β The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method uses nitrogen gas adsorption to calculate specific surface area.
β Porosity measurements reveal pore size distribution and volume, essential for applications in filtration, catalysis, and drug delivery.
β Techniques such as mercury intrusion porosimetry and gas adsorption-desorption isotherms are commonly used.
β A higher surface area and controlled porosity often enhance nanomaterial performance.
Detailed Explanation
Surface area and porosity are crucial characteristics of nanomaterials, as many of their properties (like how they act as catalysts) are highly dependent on the available surface area. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method is commonly used to calculate the specific surface area by measuring the amount of nitrogen gas that can be adsorbed on the surface. Additionally, understanding porosity (the size and volume of pores) is essential for various applications, including filtration and drug delivery. Other methods, such as mercury intrusion porosimetry and gas adsorption-desorption tests, are frequently employed to obtain porosity data. Generally, increased surface area and optimized porosity can lead to improved performance of nanomaterials.
Examples & Analogies
Think of a sponge versus a solid block of rubber. A sponge has a much larger surface area with many tiny pores, allowing it to absorb more liquid. Similarly, in nanomaterials, a greater surface area and optimized porosity can make the material more effective in applications like catalysis.
5.4 Case Studies: Interpreting Characterization Results
Unlock Audio Book
Signup and Enroll to the course for listening the Audio Book
Understanding data from characterization techniques is as important as performing the tests. Here are examples to illustrate interpretation:
β SEM Image Analysis:
Evaluating nanoparticle size distribution, shape uniformity, and agglomeration.
Identifying defects or surface roughness.
β XRD Patterns:
Confirming the crystallinity of nanoparticles and matching peaks to known crystal structures. Detecting phase changes during synthesis.
β UV-Vis Spectra:
Monitoring shifts in peak absorption indicating particle size growth or aggregation during nanoparticle synthesis.
β Raman Spectra:
Detecting defects or strain in graphene sheets by changes in peak intensity and position.
Detailed Explanation
Interpreting data from characterization techniques is crucial for understanding the properties of nanomaterials. For example, analyzing SEM images helps in determining the size distribution, shape uniformity, and potential agglomeration of nanoparticles. XRD patterns are useful for confirming crystallinity and identifying any phase changes during synthesis. UV-Vis spectroscopy can provide insights into shifts in peak absorption, indicating growth or aggregation in nanoparticles. Finally, Raman spectra can reveal defects or stress in materials like graphene by examining changes in peak intensity and position. These interpretations allow scientists to draw significant conclusions about their materials based on empirical data.
Examples & Analogies
Think of interpreting characterization data like piecing together a detective story. Each technique reveals different clues about the nanomaterialsβSEM provides visuals of the scene, XRD confirms identities, UV-Vis shows changes over time, and Raman reveals hidden issues. By combining these clues, the full story of the nanomaterials can be understood.
Summary of Characterization Techniques
Unlock Audio Book
Signup and Enroll to the course for listening the Audio Book
Characterization techniques are indispensable tools in nanotechnology. They provide detailed insight into the morphology, structure, composition, and surface properties of nanomaterials. Mastery of these techniques enables scientists to design, optimize, and apply nanomaterials effectively across many fields.
Detailed Explanation
In summary, characterization techniques are vital in the field of nanotechnology, as they enable researchers to gain profound insights into how nanomaterials are structured, how they behave under certain conditions, and how they interact with other materials. Mastery of these tools allows scientists to effectively design and optimize nanomaterials for various applications, ranging from electronics to drug delivery.
Examples & Analogies
Consider a chef who masters various cooking techniques to create uniquely delicious dishes. Similarly, by mastering characterization techniques, scientists can create advanced nanomaterials tailored for specific purposes, leading to groundbreaking applications in technology and health.
Definitions & Key Concepts
Learn essential terms and foundational ideas that form the basis of the topic.
Key Concepts
-
Microscopy: Techniques like SEM, TEM, AFM, and STM provide structural information about nanomaterials.
-
Spectroscopy: Tools like UV-Vis, XRD, Raman, and FTIR analyze chemical composition and bonding.
-
Surface Area and Porosity: Important measurements that affect nanomaterial performance in applications.
Examples & Real-Life Applications
See how the concepts apply in real-world scenarios to understand their practical implications.
Examples
-
Using SEM, researchers can evaluate the size distribution of silver nanoparticles to optimize their catalytic activity.
-
Raman Spectroscopy can be employed to assess structural defects in graphene materials, guiding their use in electronics.
Memory Aids
Use mnemonics, acronyms, or visual cues to help remember key information more easily.
π΅ Rhymes Time
-
SEM scans and sees, while TEM goes deep with ease.
π Fascinating Stories
-
Once upon a time, a noble scientist named SEM explored the surface world, discovering hidden textures and sizes, while TEM, a master of stealth, traveled through thin layers to uncover internal mysteries.
π§ Other Memory Gems
-
Use 'SToRMO' to remember: 'S' - SEM, 'T' - TEM, 'R' - Raman, 'M' - Microscopy, 'O' - Optical Spectroscopy.
π― Super Acronyms
MARS for Microscopy Techniques
- M: - Morphology (SEM)
- A: - Atomic Force (AFM)
- R: - Resolution (TEM)
- S: - Surface (STM).
Flash Cards
Review key concepts with flashcards.
Glossary of Terms
Review the Definitions for terms.
-
Term: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Definition:
A microscopy technique that uses a focused beam of electrons to scan the surface and generate detailed images of the sample.
-
Term: Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Definition:
A technique that transmits a beam of electrons through a thin sample to obtain high-resolution images of internal structures.
-
Term: Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
Definition:
A type of scanning microscopy that examines the surface of a sample by feeling its topography using a sharp tip.
-
Term: Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM)
Definition:
A technique that uses a conductive tip to measure tunneling current to image surface structures at the atomic level.
-
Term: UVVisible Spectroscopy (UVVis)
Definition:
A technique that measures the absorption of ultraviolet and visible light by materials, used to determine properties of nanoparticles.
-
Term: Xray Diffraction (XRD)
Definition:
A method for analyzing crystal structure and phase identification in materials by studying the diffraction pattern of X-rays.
-
Term: Raman Spectroscopy
Definition:
A spectroscopic technique that provides information about molecular vibrations and bonding through the scattering of monochromatic light.
-
Term: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
Definition:
A technique that measures the absorption of infrared radiation by materials to identify chemical bonds and functional groups.
-
Term: BrunauerEmmettTeller (BET) method
Definition:
A method for measuring surface area by nitrogen gas adsorption, crucial in characterizing porous materials.