Operating Systems | Module 9: I/O Systems by Prakhar Chauhan | Learn Smarter
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Module 9: I/O Systems

Input/Output (I/O) systems facilitate communication between a computer and peripheral devices, with the operating system managing these processes. Efficient I/O management is essential for system performance. Key components include hardware interfaces, device drivers, and software strategies for data transfer, all of which affect overall system responsiveness and concurrency.

Sections

  • 9

    I/o Systems

    This section provides an overview of Input/Output (I/O) systems, detailing how they connect the CPU with external devices and discussing the operating system's role in managing these connections.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.1

    Overview Of I/o Hardware

    I/O hardware connects the CPU with peripheral devices, enabling data transfer and communication, while the OS manages these interactions.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.1.1

    Ports

    Ports in computer systems serve as communication interfaces between the CPU and peripheral devices, facilitating data transfer and control signal management.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.1.2

    Buses

    Buses provide a communication pathway for data transfer between the CPU and peripheral devices in a computer system.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.1.3

    Controllers

    Controllers are intermediary devices that facilitate communication between peripheral devices and the system bus, managing input/output tasks effectively.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.2

    Principles Of I/o Software

    This section discusses the foundational principles of I/O software, covering programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA).

    Learning Practice

  • 9.2.1

    Programmed I/o (Pio)

    Programmed I/O (PIO) represents a method for data transfer managed directly by the CPU, involving active polling of I/O devices.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.2.2

    Interrupt-Driven I/o

    This section delves into Interrupt-driven I/O, a method that enhances system efficiency by allowing the CPU to perform other tasks while waiting for I/O operations to complete.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.2.3

    Direct Memory Access (Dma)

    Direct Memory Access (DMA) is an advanced I/O technique that allows devices to transfer data directly to and from memory without CPU intervention.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.3

    Disk Structure

    This section discusses the physical and logical organization of hard disk drives (HDDs) and its importance in data storage and access.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.3.1

    Physical Structure Of A Hard Disk Drive

    This section highlights the physical components that make up a hard disk drive (HDD) and explains how they function together to store and access data.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.3.2

    Logical Block Addressing (Lba)

    Logical Block Addressing (LBA) simplifies disk addressing by allowing the operating system to treat the storage space as a single array of logical blocks.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.3.3

    Disk Scheduling

    Disk scheduling algorithms manage the order of disk I/O requests to minimize seek time and improve throughput.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.4

    Disk Management

    Disk management is the set of tasks that an operating system performs to prepare, organize, maintain, and optimize disk storage.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.4.1

    Disk Formatting (Low-Level, Partitioning, Logical)

    Disk formatting involves preparing a storage device for use by structuring it into a usable format through processes like low-level formatting, partitioning, and logical formatting.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.4.1.1

    Low-Level Formatting (Physical Formatting)

    Low-level formatting is the initial process of structuring a disk to make it usable by defining its physical geometry.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.4.1.2

    Partitioning

    Partitioning is the process of logically dividing a physical disk into distinct sections for better organization and management of data.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.4.1.3

    Logical Formatting (High-Level Formatting / File System Creation)

    This section discusses the process and importance of logical formatting in preparing disk partitions for file storage.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.4.2

    Boot Block

    The boot block is a critical section of disk space that contains the code needed to initiate the operating system loading process.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.4.3

    Bad Blocks

    Bad blocks are damaged areas on storage devices that can no longer reliably store data, leading to the need for effective management by disk controllers.

    Learning Practice

  • 9.4.4

    Swap-Space Management

    Swap-space management involves utilizing disk space as temporary memory to supplement physical RAM, particularly when RAM usage exceeds capacity.

    Learning Practice

References

Untitled document (17).pdf

Class Notes

Memorization

What we have learnt

  • I/O systems function as a c...
  • The roles of device drivers...
  • Different I/O software prin...

Final Test

Revision Tests