CBSE 11 Chemistry Part 2 | 8. Organic chemistry – some Basic Principles and Techniques by Pavan | Learn Smarter
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8. Organic chemistry – some Basic Principles and Techniques

8. Organic chemistry – some Basic Principles and Techniques

The chapter explores the fundamental principles and techniques involved in the study of organic chemistry, including the tetravalence of carbon, molecular structures, and the classification and nomenclature of organic compounds. Emphasis is placed on the importance of hybridization, reaction mechanisms, and the purification of organic substances, providing a comprehensive understanding of the nature and behavior of organic compounds.

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  1. 8
    Organic Chemistry – Some Basic Principles And Techniques

    This section covers fundamental principles and techniques in organic...

  2. 8.1
    General Introduction

    This section provides an overview of organic chemistry, highlighting the...

  3. 8.2
    Tetra Valence Of Carbon: Shapes Of Organic Compounds

    This section discusses the tetravalence of carbon and its implications on...

  4. 8.2.1
    The Shapes Of Carbon Compounds

    This section explains the tetravalence of carbon and how it impacts the...

  5. 8.2.2
    Some Characteristic Features Of Π Bonds

    This section outlines the characteristics of π bonds in organic molecules,...

  6. 8.3
    Structural Representations Of Organic Compounds

    This section discusses various ways to represent organic compounds'...

  7. 8.3.1
    Complete, Condensed And Bond-Line Structural Formulas

    This section discusses the various structural representations of organic...

  8. 8.3.2
    Three-Dimensional Representation Of Organic Molecules

    This section discusses the representation of organic molecules in...

  9. 8.4
    Classification Of Organic Compounds

    Organic compounds are classified based on their structural features and...

  10. 8.4.1
    Functional Group

    Functional groups are crucial components of organic compounds that determine...

  11. 8.4.2
    Homologous Series

    A homologous series is a group of organic compounds with similar structure...

  12. 8.5
    Nomenclature Of Organic Compounds

    This section details the IUPAC system of nomenclature, emphasizing how...

  13. 8.5.1
    The Iupac System Of Nomenclature

    The IUPAC system standardizes the naming of organic compounds, allowing...

  14. 8.5.2
    Iupac Nomenclature Of Alkanes

    This section outlines the systematic IUPAC naming conventions for alkanes...

  15. 8.5.3
    Nomenclature Of Organic Compounds Having Functional Group(S)

    This section explains how to systematically name organic compounds based on...

  16. 8.5.4
    Nomenclature Of Substituted Benzene Compounds

    This section outlines the IUPAC nomenclature rules for naming substituted...

  17. 8.6

    Isomerism is the phenomenon where compounds share the same molecular formula...

  18. 8.6.1
    Structural Isomerism

    This section discusses the phenomenon of structural isomerism, where...

  19. 8.6.2
    Stereoisomerism

    Stereoisomerism is a unique form of isomerism wherein compounds share the...

  20. 8.7
    Fundamental Concepts In Organic Reaction Mechanism

    The section covers the fundamental concepts of organic reaction mechanisms,...

  21. 8.7.1
    Fission Of A Covalent Bond

    This section discusses the two main types of bond cleavage in organic...

  22. 8.7.2
    Substrate And Reagent

    This section discusses the roles of substrates and reagents in organic...

  23. 8.7.3
    Electron Movement In Organic Reactions

    This section covers how electrons move during organic reactions,...

  24. 8.7.4
    Electron Displacement Effects In Covalent Bonds

    This section explores the various types of electron displacement effects in...

  25. 8.7.5
    Inductive Effect

    The inductive effect describes the polarization of sigma bonds due to...

  26. 8.7.6
    Resonance Structure

    Resonance structures provide a way to describe the behavior of organic...

  27. 8.7.7
    Resonance Effect

    The resonance effect refers to the polarity produced in molecules through...

  28. 8.7.8
    Electromeric Effect (E Effect)

    The Electromeric Effect describes the temporary transfer of π-electrons in...

  29. 8.7.9
    Hyperconjugation

    Hyperconjugation is a stabilizing interaction that involves the...

  30. 8.7.10
    Types Of Organic Reactions And Mechanisms

    This section introduces different types of organic reactions and their...

  31. 8.8
    Methods Of Purification Of Organic Compounds

    This section outlines several common methods used to purify organic...

  32. 8.8.1
    Sublimation

    Sublimation is a purification technique utilized in organic chemistry to...

  33. 8.8.2
    Crystallisation

    Crystallisation is a purification technique that relies on the differences...

  34. 8.8.3
    Distillation

    Distillation is a crucial technique used for separating and purifying...

  35. 8.8.4
    Differential Extraction

    Differential extraction is a purification technique used to separate organic...

  36. 8.8.5
    Chromatography

    Chromatography is a vital technique for separating and purifying mixtures of...

  37. 8.9
    Qualitative Analysis Of Organic Compounds

    This section covers the qualitative analysis methods used to determine the...

  38. 8.9.1
    Detection Of Carbon And Hydrogen

    This section discusses methods for detecting carbon and hydrogen in organic...

  39. 8.9.2
    Detection Of Other Elements

    This section discusses the methods for detecting elements such as nitrogen,...

  40. 8.10
    Quantitative Analysis

    This section examines the importance of quantitative analysis in organic...

  41. 8.10.1
    Carbon And Hydrogen

    This section covers the significance of carbon and hydrogen in organic...

  42. 8.10.2

    This section discusses the importance and methods of nitrogen estimation in...

  43. 8.10.3

    This section discusses the identification and estimation of halogens in...

  44. 8.10.4

    This section outlines the techniques used to estimate sulphur and its...

  45. 8.10.5

    This section covers the significance of phosphorus in organic compounds and...

  46. 8.10.6

    This section covers the estimation of oxygen in organic compounds,...

  47. 8.11

    This section provides a variety of exercises and problems related to the...

What we have learnt

  • Tetravalence of carbon and its effects on molecular shapes.
  • Classification and naming of organic compounds based on IUPAC nomenclature.
  • Concepts of organic reaction mechanisms and their influences on the reactivity of organic compounds.
  • Importance of different techniques for the purification and analysis of organic compounds.

Key Concepts

-- Tetravalence
The ability of carbon to form four covalent bonds, allowing for a diverse array of organic compounds.
-- Hybridization
The concept that describes the mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals suitable for pairing electrons to form chemical bonds.
-- Functional Group
A specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for certain chemical reactions of that molecule.
-- Reaction Mechanism
The step-by-step sequence of elementary reactions by which overall chemical change occurs.
-- Purification Techniques
Methods including sublimation, crystallization, distillation, and chromatography used to isolate and purify organic compounds.

Additional Learning Materials

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