5.7. Cognitive Learning

Some psychologists view learning in terms of cognitive processes that underlie it. They have developed approaches that focus on such processes that occur during learning rather than concentrating solely on S-R and S-S connections, as we have seen in the case of classical and operant conditioning. Thus, in cognitive learning, there is a change in what the learner knows rather than what s/he does.

Cognitive learning is a concept that emphasizes the mental processes involved in learning instead of just focusing on the stimulus-response relationships. Psychologists are interested in how knowledge is acquired, organized, and utilized by the learner. In this view, learning is seen as a change in understanding or knowledge, which may not always be directly observable through actions. Essentially, it's about what happens inside the mind during learning.

Think of cognitive learning like studying for an exam. When you read a textbook and understand the material, you are not just memorizing answers; you are forming connections and gaining insights that help you comprehend the subject. This understanding allows you to apply knowledge later, demonstrating that your learning is more than just repeating information you're taught.

Kohler demonstrated a model of learning which could not be readily explained by conditioning. He performed a series of experiments with chimpanzees that involved solving complex problems. Kohler placed chimpanzees in an enclosed play area where food was kept out of their reach. Tools such as poles and boxes were placed in the enclosure.

Insight learning is a type of cognitive learning where solutions to problems come unexpectedly or suddenly, rather than through a step-by-step conditioning process. Kohler's experiments with chimpanzees showed that the animals were able to solve problems by using tools available in their environment after a period of exploration and contemplation, demonstrating that they had gained a sudden understanding of how to achieve a goal.

Imagine you are trying to solve a puzzle and you’re stuck. After a while of just looking at it and feeling frustrated, you step away for a bit. Later, while making a cup of coffee, suddenly the solution comes to you! This realization is akin to insight learning where you have figured out how to solve the problem without any prior conditioning or repetitive trial and error.

Another type of cognitive learning is known as latent learning. In latent learning, a new behaviour is learned but not demonstrated until reinforcement is provided for displaying it.

Latent learning refers to knowledge that is acquired but not immediately exhibited. This concept was illustrated by Tolman's experiments with rats in a maze. Initially, rats that did not receive reinforcement (food) took longer to navigate through the maze. However, when they were later rewarded with food, their prior knowledge of the maze layout allowed them to navigate it as quickly as those that had been rewarded from the start. This indicates that they learned the maze even without external reinforcement.

Think of latent learning as the way students might absorb information in class without taking notes. They might sit quietly, seemingly not paying attention, but when it comes time for a test or discussion, they can recall information and apply it perfectly. The learning was there all along, just not visible until it was needed.

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