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5.3 - Paradigms of Learning

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CBSE 11 Psychology
5. Learning

5.3 - Paradigms of Learning

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Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning
Cognitive Learning
Skill Learning

Classical Conditioning

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Teacher

Today, we're diving into classical conditioning, an important type of learning first investigated by Ivan Pavlov. Can anyone tell me what they know about his experiments?

Student 1

I think it has to do with dogs and how they learned to salivate at the sound of a bell?

Teacher

Exactly! Pavlov observed that his dogs would salivate not just when they saw food, but also when they heard a bell that signaled feeding time. We call the sound of the bell a conditioned stimulus. Anyone know what happens in their minds during this process?

Student 2

Is it that they associate the bell with food?

Teacher

Brilliant! This association leads to a conditioned response, which, in this case, is salivation. So we summarize as follows: **Conditioned Stimulus (CS)** plus **Unconditioned Stimulus (US)** leads to a **Conditioned Response (CR)**. A mnemonic to remember this is 'C-U-C-R'.

Student 3

Could you give an example of this in real life?

Teacher

Of course! If my phone rings and I expect good news every time, I might feel happy just hearing the ring tone. That's my conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus!

Student 4

I have a question! What if the dog hears the bell but doesn't get food? Does that mean they stop reacting?

Teacher

Great question! That's called extinction, where the conditioned response diminishes if the stimulus is presented without reinforcement. So the learned behavior can fade away if the CS is no longer effective. Remember, practice and exposure matter!

Operant Conditioning

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Teacher

Now, onto operant conditioning, which Skinner explored with rats and pigeons. Can someone explain what an operant is?

Student 1

Is it a behavior that an animal or person emits?

Teacher

That's right! Operant behaviors are voluntary actions. Skinner showed that these behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow. Who can tell me what those consequences are called?

Student 2

Reinforcers!

Teacher

Correct! There are positive reinforcers, which reward desired behavior, and negative reinforcers that remove unpleasant stimuli. A mnemonic could be 'R-E-R' for Reinforcement-Energy-Rewards. Can anyone share a personal example of learning through reinforcement?

Student 3

Whenever I do my chores, I get extra screen time, so I’ve learned to do them quickly!

Teacher

Perfect! That’s a great example of positive reinforcement. Skinner also noted that sometimes behaviors are learned through punishment, but we want to focus on reinforcement first! Let’s recap: operant conditioning involves behaviors affected by consequences, which can be reinforcing or punishing.

Observational Learning

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Teacher

Let’s explore observational learning, which occurs by watching others. Who studied this form of learning?

Student 1

Albert Bandura!

Teacher

Correct! Bandura showed that children learn behaviors by observing models. Can someone share an example of this?

Student 2

I saw my older sibling learning to cook, and now I can do it too by watching!

Teacher

Great example! This is also why role models are significant. Bandura found that the consequences for the model affect whether the observer will imitate the behavior. Remember the phrase: 'See it, model it, be it!'

Student 3

If someone sees bad behavior getting rewarded, they might copy that too?

Teacher

That's right! It underscores the importance of the behavior we exhibit around children. Positive role modeling can help them learn good behaviors while negative modeling can lead to poor outcomes. Let's remember that observational learning is key in shaping social behaviors.

Cognitive Learning

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Teacher

Next, we’ll discuss cognitive learning, which includes insight learning and cognitive maps. Can anyone tell me about insight learning?

Student 4

Is that when someone suddenly understands something? Like figuring out a puzzle?

Teacher

Exactly! It's that 'aha!' moment. Kohler demonstrated this with chimpanzees that solved problems creatively rather than through trial and error. Remember the acronym 'I-C' for Insight-Cognition!

Student 1

What about cognitive maps?

Teacher

Great follow-up! Cognitive maps are mental representations of the environment. They help us navigate. An example is how you might know shortcuts around school even if you’ve never taken them before because you've formed a mental map. What’s important to remember is how we learn not just through direct experience but also through understanding and insight. Let's summarize: cognitive learning involves insights and mental representations.

Skill Learning

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Teacher

Finally, let's discuss skill learning. Skill is the ability to perform tasks smoothly, and it goes through phases. Who can name these phases?

Student 2

Cognitive, associative, and autonomous phases!

Teacher

Exactly! In the cognitive phase, you’re learning the instructions. In the associative phase, practice helps reduce errors, and by the autonomous phase, it’s automatic. Remember the phrase 'Practice Perfects' for this progression!

Student 3

What happens if someone stops practicing?

Teacher

Good question! Skill can diminish if not practiced. That’s called skill decay. The key takeaway here is that repetition and practice over time lead to mastery. So, **Practice, Feedback, Refine!** Now let’s recap all we have discussed today!

Introduction & Overview

Read a summary of the section's main ideas. Choose from Basic, Medium, or Detailed.

Quick Overview

This section discusses the various paradigms of learning, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning, cognitive learning, verbal learning, and skill learning.

Standard

The section explores different methods of learning and how they manifest in behavior. It details key processes such as classical and operant conditioning, factors influencing learning, and types of learning such as observational, cognitive, verbal, and skill learning.

Detailed

Paradigms of Learning

This section focuses on the various paradigms of learning, discussing how learning occurs in different forms through various methodologies. It provides insight into:

Classical Conditioning - Introduced by Ivan Pavlov, this method explains how organisms learn to associate a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, resulting in learned responses.
Operant Conditioning - Explored by B.F. Skinner, this form of learning emphasizes the role of reinforcement and consequences in shaping behavior, making it crucial for understanding voluntary responses.
Observational Learning - This paradigm, investigated by Albert Bandura, reveals how individuals learn behaviors by observing others, emphasizing the significance of models and their consequences.
Cognitive Learning - A deeper dive into mental processes behind learning, cognitive learning contrasts with purely behavioral methods, identifying how insight and cognitive maps contribute to understanding and retention.
Verbal Learning - Focused on how language and verbal cues influence learning, this section discusses methods for studying verbal learning, such as paired-associates and serial learning.
Skill Learning - Emphasizing the gradual acquisition of skills through practice, this aspect illustrates the cognitive, associative, and autonomous phases of skill development.

Each method presents its determinants and unique characteristics that facilitate learning, providing a thorough understanding of how these paradigms interact and contribute to our understanding of learning psychology.

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Audio Book

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Overview of Learning Paradigms

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Learning takes place in many ways. There are some methods that are used in the acquisition of simple responses while other methods are used in the acquisition of complex responses. In this section, you will learn about all these methods. The simplest kind of learning is called conditioning. Two types of conditioning have been identified: classical conditioning and instrumental/operant conditioning. In addition, we have observational learning, cognitive learning, verbal learning, and skill learning.

Detailed Explanation

Learning is a process that allows us to acquire new behaviors and understanding through different paradigms or methods. The section identifies two primary methods for learning: conditioning (classical and operant) and discusses other forms like observational learning, cognitive learning, verbal learning, and skill learning. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a learned response, while operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behavior. Observational learning is acquiring behaviors by watching others, and cognitive learning involves understanding processes in the mind. Each of these paradigms serves to enhance our learning experiences and affects how we engage with the world.

Examples & Analogies

Think of learning as different routes to the same destination. For example, when training a puppy, you can use various methods: you might reward it for sitting (operant conditioning), or you could teach it by showing it (observational learning). Each method helps the puppy learn the same action but approaches the learning process differently.