4.Determination of Income and Employment
The chapter provides insights into the determination of national income while assuming fixed prices and constant interest rates. It discusses the concept of aggregate demand, its components such as consumption and investment, and emphasizes the significance of planned versus actual values. The chapter further explores macroeconomic equilibrium, the multiplier effect, and the paradox of thrift in relation to income and employment levels.
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What we have learnt
- Aggregate demand is composed of consumption and investment, and its components can be categorized as ex ante (planned) and ex post (actual).
- The equilibrium level of income does not necessarily equate to the full employment level; it can signify either deficient or excess demand conditions.
- The multiplier mechanism amplifies the effects of autonomous changes in aggregate demand, leading to significant changes in equilibrium income and output levels.
Key Concepts
- -- Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC)
- The change in consumption resulting from a change in income, indicating how much of each additional unit of income will be spent on consumption.
- -- Ex Ante and Ex Post Investment
- Ex ante investment refers to planned investments while ex post investment reflects actual investments made at the end of a period.
- -- Effective Demand Principle
- The theory indicating that the equilibrium output is determined solely by the level of aggregate demand at a given price level.
- -- Multiplier Effect
- The concept describing how an initial change in autonomous expenditure can lead to a greater overall impact on national income and output.
- -- Paradox of Thrift
- The phenomenon where an increase in saving rates can lead to a decrease in aggregate savings in the economy, due to reduced consumption expenditures.
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