3.5.4. Introduction of Multi-Core Processors

So one simple example I can say that now in general I can say that we are fetching the instruction then we are executing it after completion of the executing we are going to fetch the next instruction. So this is the way we are going to set up fetch and execute, but after fetching some instruction if we know that that instruction needs some data then we have to fetch this particular data from the memory.

This chunk discusses the fundamental operations that a computer performs. Computers typically operate by first fetching an instruction from memory. Once the instruction is fetched, it is executed. After executing one instruction, the next instruction is fetched, creating a continuous cycle of fetching and executing instructions. If an instruction requires additional data, it must retrieve this data from memory before proceeding.

You can think of this process like a chef (the CPU) following a recipe (the instruction). The chef fetches the next step of the recipe (fetching instruction) and completes that step (executing). If the recipe calls for a specific ingredient (data), the chef must go to the pantry (memory) to get it before moving on.

So for that we are having this particular indirect cycle we are going to fetch the data from the memory and that data will be supplied to the execution unit and it is going to execute it completely.

Sometimes, when an instruction is executed, the data it needs is not readily available within the instruction itself. In such cases, the computer enters an indirect cycle—essentially a secondary phase where it retrieves the necessary data from memory. This data is then sent to the execution unit, which carries out the instruction as specified.

Imagine a chef who realizes midway through a recipe that he needs sour cream but the recipe only mentions 'cream'. The chef must first refer to his pantry (indirect cycle) to find the sour cream before he can continue cooking (execute).

Here we have shown another one which is written as our interrupt this thing basically related to handling input output devices when we are going to discuss about the I/O module at the time we are going to discuss about this particular interrupt.

The text briefly mentions interrupts, which are essential for managing communication with input/output devices. Interrupts signal the processor to temporarily halt its current operations and address an event, such as a user input or hardware signal. This mechanism ensures that computers efficiently manage multitasking, handling simultaneous requests from various peripherals.

Consider a waiter at a restaurant who takes orders (processing requests) but will pause to attend to a customer who raises their hand (interrupt) for assistance. This allows the waiter to balance serving multiple customers (multitasking) while ensuring immediate service for urgent needs.

So if you look it in most of the cases we know that Charles Babbage is considered as a father of computing... and this is called as your analytical engine and the era of this particular automatic computing started somewhere in 1830.

Charles Babbage is often recognized as the 'father of computing' for his design of the Analytical Engine, a mechanical general-purpose computer that he conceived in the 1830s. Although it was never completed in his lifetime, Babbage's concepts laid the foundational principles for modern computing, introducing ideas like a central processing unit and the ability to store instructions and data.

Think of Babbage as the architect of a new city (modern computing). Even though the buildings (computers) weren't built during his time, his blueprints (design concepts) provided the framework that later builders (engineers) used to create the structures we have today.

Then we are having the concept of our programming how to program these things how to control this particular calculating devices... we are having an initial programming language called Ada that is also somewhere in between 1816 to 1852.

The concept of programming emerged alongside early computing inventions. Ada Lovelace, a mathematician and writer, is credited with developing one of the first programming languages, Ada. This development facilitated the practical use of Babbage's Analytical Engine, as it suggested the ability to write instructions for machines.

Programming is analogous to creating a list of instructions for someone to follow, like a set of steps for assembling furniture. Just as clear steps make assembly easier, specific programming languages help computers understand tasks they need to perform.

For that we need some mechanism. So Herman Hollerith developed this particular punched card system to store our data.

Herman Hollerith's pioneering work involved the creation of the punched card system, which allowed data to be recorded and processed electrically. This system significantly improved data handling and storage, facilitating operations such as the US Census in the late 19th century. The punched card worked by encoding information through holes punched in cards, which machines could read and process.

Imagine a filing cabinet with folders (punched cards) containing different information. Each folder can be quickly accessed and processed (read) by the cabinet (computer) to retrieve specific data.

--