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Computer Organisation and Architecture - Vol 1
Explore and master the fundamentals of Computer Organisation and Architecture - Vol 1
You've not yet enrolled in this course. Please enroll for free to listen to audio lessons, classroom podcasts and take practice test.Chapter 1
Model of Computer and Working Principle
The chapter introduces core concepts in computer organization and architecture, focusing on the pedagogical methods utilized in teaching. It covers the objectives of outcome-based learning, Bloom's Taxonomy, and the importance of cognitive, psychomotor, and affective domains in education. Additionally, it outlines the objectives for the course, emphasizing the design and synthesis of computer systems.
Chapter 2
Computer Model
The chapter details the structure and functions of computers, emphasizing the roles of the Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory, and input/output devices. It explains the Von Neumann architecture model and categorizes computer functions into data processing, data storage, data movement, and control. The instruction cycle, composed of fetching and executing instructions, is also described in detail.
Chapter 3
Introduction to Computer Architecture
The chapter outlines the evolution and functioning of computers, detailing the fetch-execute cycle and the historical milestones in computing technology. It highlights key figures like Charles Babbage and innovations such as the punched card system, leading up to modern microprocessor developments. The ongoing trajectory of computational advancements is exemplified through Moore's Law and Intel's development timeline.
Chapter 4
Fundamental of Digital Computer
The chapter provides an overview of digital logic building blocks essential for understanding digital computers. It discusses the behavior of digital systems, the function of basic building blocks, and issues related to sequential circuits. Additionally, it categorizes digital computers into digital and analog types, emphasizing the significance of binary systems in digital computation.
Chapter 5
Demultiplexer
The chapter discusses key digital components of computers including multiplexers, demultiplexers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs), and the concept of sequential circuits. It delves into how these components operate, their functionalities, and how they are interconnected within a computer system. Additionally, specific focus is given to S-R latches and the challenges of race conditions in digital logic design.
Chapter 6
Basic Building Blocks of Latch and Flip Flop
The chapter provides an in-depth exploration of basic digital components such as latches and flip-flops, outlining their functions and interconnections. It discusses types of flip-flops, including D, JK, and T flip-flops, emphasizing their applications in constructing various digital storage elements. Additionally, it covers asynchronous and synchronous inputs, counting mechanisms through counters, and the significance of registers and presets in digital systems.
Chapter 7
Computer Organization and Architecture: A Pedagogical Aspect
The chapter discusses the fundamentals of digital computer information representation and number systems. It introduces various numeral systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal, explaining how to convert between them. Additionally, it covers integer representation, including the handling of negative numbers and the concept of ranges based on bit size.
Chapter 8
Hexadecimal Representation
This chapter discusses the representation of numbers in computing, focusing on binary and hexadecimal systems, including integer representation techniques. It explains the concepts of signed and unsigned numbers, particularly through sign-magnitude and two's complement methods. Additionally, it covers how positive and negative ranges of integers are derived, including overflow situations, and introduces the representation of real numbers in floating-point format.
Chapter 9
Floating Point Number Representation
This chapter discusses number representation in computers, focusing on floating-point representation, biased exponents, and normalization. It highlights the IEEE 754 standard for both single (32-bit) and double (64-bit) formats, while also covering integer and character representations through various coding systems like ASCII, EBCDIC, and UNICODE. Furthermore, it addresses accuracy and range related to floating-point numbers, and introduces different number encoding in computing.
Chapter 10
Computer Organization and Architecture: A Pedagogical Aspect
The chapter explores the fundamental components of a processor, highlighting the roles of the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), registers, and the control unit. It discusses different categories of registers, their functions, and their significance in the processing cycle. Additionally, it illustrates how information flows through these components during instruction execution, embedding concepts such as control signals and memory hierarchy.
Chapter 11
Components of the Processor
The chapter discusses the fundamental architecture of a computer, focusing on the components within a processor, including the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and main memory. It explains the importance of a programming concept that allows hardware to be flexible and adaptable through software, demonstrating how the operating system functions as an interface between the user and the hardware. The chapter further elucidates the instruction cycle's dual processes of fetching and executing instructions, showcasing the critical operations performed within the CPU.
Chapter 12
Fetch Cycle
The chapter covers the fetch and execute cycles crucial for how a processor retrieves and processes instructions. It explains the roles of essential registers like the program counter (PC), memory address register (MAR), and instruction register (IR) in coordinating these operations. Finally, the differences between read and write operations, as well as control signals generated by the control unit, are discussed in detail.
Chapter 13
Computer Organization and Architecture: A Pedagogical Aspect
This chapter explores the architecture and functionality of a computer's storage and I/O interface. It emphasizes the roles of buses in connecting the CPU to memory and I/O devices, detailing types such as the data bus, address bus, and control bus. Additionally, it discusses memory types like RAM and ROM, their characteristics, and their connection through the system bus.
Chapter 14
Memory Addressing and Bus Size
The chapter explores the concepts of address bus and data bus in computer architecture, focusing on their relationship with memory capacity. It illustrates how the size of the address bus influences the number of addressable memory locations and the implications of different bus sizes on performance and capacity. Additionally, it examines the effects of different organizational structures of memory on the size of address and data buses.
Chapter 15
Computer Organization and Architecture: A Pedagogical Aspect
The chapter delves into the execution of programs and programming languages, focusing on the role of the CPU, memory, and input/output devices in executing instructions. It defines the instruction cycle, detailing the fetch and execute phases, and discusses various instruction formats and programming languages. Additionally, the chapter explores the relationship between machine-level instructions and high-level languages, illustrating the processing of instructions through examples.
Chapter 16
Instruction Design
This chapter covers the design and implementation of various instructions in a computer processor, including operations related to memory and register management. It highlights the challenges of programming in low-level languages and the need for instruction sets that can accommodate more complex programming requirements. Furthermore, it discusses the role of compilers, assemblers, and interpreters in converting high-level language programs into machine-level code for execution.
Chapter 18
Addressing Modes, Instruction Set and Instruction Execution Flow
This chapter discusses the fundamental components of computer organization and architecture, focusing on the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and its functions, including instruction sets, instruction execution flow, and addressing modes. It delves into how instructions are processed, the importance of memory in executing machine-level operations, and how various components within the CPU interact to facilitate data processing tasks.
Chapter 19
Introduction to the CPU
This chapter provides an overview of the central processing unit (CPU), detailing its fundamental components such as the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), registers, and control mechanisms. It highlights the roles of general-purpose and specialized registers, as well as the importance of interconnections among CPU components. The chapter concludes with discussions on memory interaction and bus architecture, emphasizing the trade-offs in CPU design and performance.
Chapter 20
Main Memory
The chapter provides a comprehensive overview of main memory in computer architecture, focusing on its types, organization, and interaction with the CPU. It differentiates between internal and external memory, emphasizing the characteristics of RAM and ROM, and explains how memory addresses are generated and utilized. The concepts of cache memory, memory registers, and the distinctions between static and dynamic RAM are also explored, culminating in practical insights into memory configuration and operations.
Chapter 21
Memory Organization and Instruction Representation
The chapter discusses memory organization and the execution of instructions, emphasizing the need for efficient memory formats. It highlights the significance of using appropriate data widths to optimize instruction processing, explores the process of loading values into registers, and explains memory interactions with the CPU. Additionally, it covers modular design and memory interfacing techniques.
Chapter 22
Addressing Modes, Instruction Set and Instruction Execution Flow
The chapter covers the fundamentals of instruction execution within the CPU, focusing on the fetch, decode, and execute cycle of instructions. It discusses different addressing modes and the concept of interrupts that allow CPUs to manage multiple tasks efficiently. Key concepts include how instructions are fetched and decoded, and the various types of operations a CPU can perform based on the decoded instruction.
Chapter 23
Introduction to Interrupt
This chapter discusses the concept of interrupts in computing, detailing how they allow the system to interrupt regular instruction execution to handle urgent tasks. It explains the execution flow concerning program counters, the handling of instruction service routines, and the instruction cycle phases such as fetch, decode, execute, and checking for interrupts. Examples illustrating simple instruction execution and their interaction with memory are also provided.
Chapter 24
Lecture - 10
The chapter delves into the concept of instruction formats within computer architecture, emphasizing the role of opcodes and operand references while introducing various types of instructions such as arithmetic, logical, and memory operations. It explores the construction and execution of instructions in different address modes, including single, two, three, and zero address instructions, and illustrates the trade-offs between instruction complexity and execution efficiency. The chapter ultimately aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how instructions are formulated and executed within CPU architecture.
Chapter 25
Instruction Types
Instruction types in programming involve data transfer, arithmetic, logical, and control instructions. Understanding how these instructions operate, including their formats and variations, is crucial for efficient code execution. Examples demonstrate how to manipulate registers and memory locations, highlighting differences in instruction types for various operational needs.
Chapter 26
Single Address Instructions
The chapter discusses various instruction formats in computer architecture, focusing on the differences between single address, two address, and three address instructions. It emphasizes the importance of accumulator usage and the implications of instruction length on overall efficiency in coding. Additionally, it touches upon the operation of stack-based instructions and how these may require more computational steps compared to other formats.
Chapter 27
Instruction Set
The chapter delves into the intricacies of instruction sets within computer architecture, focusing on the classification of instructions based on their functionalities including data transfer, arithmetic, logical, control, and I/O operations. It provides an overview of how these operations interact with memory and registers, while also outlining the importance of subroutines and conditional execution. The discussion extends into practical examples, illustrating the processes involved in instruction execution and memory handling.
Chapter 28
Introduction to LDA Operations
This chapter focuses on the instruction types in CPU operations, detailing the processes of data transfer, arithmetic operations, and control commands. It emphasizes the synchronization challenges that arise between the CPU, memory, and I/O devices during various operations. Furthermore, it explains how memory read and write processes are performed, highlighting their critical steps, including control signals involved in fetching and storing data.
Chapter 29
Addressing Modes
A comprehensive study of addressing modes unveils their importance in instruction execution within CPU architecture. The chapter elucidates various addressing techniques such as immediate, direct, indirect, and displacement addressing. Through detailed explanations and examples, it emphasizes the advantages and disadvantages of each mode, particularly their implications on memory usage and instruction efficiency.
Chapter 30
Addressing Modes
The chapter explores various addressing modes in computer architecture, detailing immediate, direct, indirect, and displacement addressing. It provides concrete examples to clarify how each mode works, particularly in relation to registers and memory locations. The importance of addressing modes in executing instructions and managing loops in programming is also highlighted.
Chapter 31
Introduction to Addressing Modes
This chapter delves into various addressing modes in CPU programming, elucidating how memory locations are determined and utilized in different instruction formats. It highlights the distinction between immediate, direct, indirect, and displacement addressing modes, while explaining the complexities involved in multiple word instructions and their implications on CPU operations. Through practical examples, the chapter reinforces the concept of memory management as it relates to instruction processing.
Chapter 32
Introduction to Stack Operations
This chapter discusses stack operations and different addressing modes used in computing. It explains the basic stack operations such as push, pop, and basic arithmetic operations performed on stack data. Additionally, various addressing modes, including immediate, direct, indirect, and displacement addressing, are elaborated along with their advantages and disadvantages for program execution.