1. The French Revolution
The French Revolution fundamentally transformed the political and social landscape of France, precipitated by widespread discontent over the monarchy's mismanagement and inequality among social classes. Key events included the storming of the Bastille, the rise of the middle class questioning aristocratic privileges, and the eventual establishment of a republic. The Revolution inspired democratic ideals but also led to periods of terror and oppression, ultimately impacting nations beyond France.
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What we have learnt
- The French Revolution began with the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, symbolizing the struggle against oppression.
- French society was divided into three estates, with the third estate bearing the brunt of taxation and advocating for change.
- The Revolution led to significant political reforms, including the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and later, a republic, which emphasized the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity.
Key Concepts
- -- Old Regime
- The social and political system in France before the Revolution, characterized by the division into three estates with rigid class distinctions.
- -- Constitution of 1791
- The document that established a constitutional monarchy in France, limiting the powers of the king and asserting the rights of citizens.
- -- Reign of Terror
- A period during the Revolution characterized by extreme political repression where perceived enemies of the state were executed, mostly under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre.
- -- Sansculottes
- The working-class men and women who pushed the Revolution forward, distinguishing themselves from the aristocracy by wearing long trousers instead of knee breeches.
- -- Olympe de Gouges
- A prominent female activist who advocated for women's rights during the Revolution, famously writing the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen.
- -- Abolition of Slavery
- The act passed by the National Convention in 1794 that freed all slaves in French colonies, marking a significant humanitarian reform.
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