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Environmental Quality Monitoring & Analysis, - Vol 2
Explore and master the fundamentals of Environmental Quality Monitoring & Analysis, - Vol 2
You've not yet enrolled in this course. Please enroll for free to listen to audio lessons, classroom podcasts and take practice test.Chapter 1
Quality Control/Quality Assurance
The chapter delves into the significance of quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) in environmental sampling and analysis, emphasizing the importance of precision and accuracy for regulatory compliance and litigation. It discusses various analytical methods used to assess environmental quality, with particular focus on analyte measurement in water, detailing the need for proper sample processing and the potential errors associated with different techniques.
Chapter 2
Environmental Analysis of Organics in Water
The chapter delves into the methods for analyzing organic and inorganic chemicals in various matrices like water and sediment. It outlines the sequential steps for extracting analytes, emphasizes the importance of choosing appropriate analytical instruments, and discusses the techniques of liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction. Additionally, considerations around recovery and concentration adjustments for accurate measurements are highlighted.
Chapter 3
Analyte Losses in Chemical Analysis
The chapter explores the critical aspects of quality control and quality assurance in environmental analysis, emphasizing the significance of minimizing analyte losses during sample collection, storage, and analytical processes. Key focus areas include understanding the causes of analyte loss such as volatilization, reaction, and adsorption, as well as the methodologies to improve measurement accuracy through recovery analysis and the use of blanks. Overall, the chapter provides essential strategies for analysts to enhance the reliability of environmental testing outcomes.
Chapter 4
Introduction - part A
The chapter discusses the complexities of monitoring and analyzing environmental quality, particularly in relation to contamination in waste systems. It explores dynamic phases of sludge, the effects of rainwater on mixtures, and the importance of mass balance in chemical analysis. The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding the interactions between solid, liquid, and gas phases in environmental systems to ensure accurate monitoring and analysis.
Chapter 5
Introduction - part B
The chapter emphasizes the methodologies involved in the analysis of environmental samples, focusing on surrogate compounds and their significance in extraction and recovery calculations. It details the processes of using hexane for sample extraction, concentrating the extracted compounds, and the importance of calibration in analytical instrumentation. Practical considerations such as extraction efficiency, matrix interference, detection limits, and dilution are also discussed to ensure accurate and reliable analytical results.
Chapter 6
Analysis Methods – Introduction and Water Quality Parameters
This chapter provides an overview of environmental analysis, focusing on methods applicable to water quality parameters such as BOD and COD. It discusses the importance of standard methods for ensuring consistency in sample analysis and highlights the significance of understanding instrumentation and data interpretation. The chapter also emphasizes the need for quality control and uniformity in analysis methodologies to obtain accurate results.
Chapter 7
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
This chapter focuses on various methods of analyzing organic compounds in water, particularly through Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) tests. It discusses the procedures involved in these methods as well as their significance for understanding water quality and pollution. The limitations and interferences associated with these tests are also highlighted, along with the importance of calibration and the validation of results in wastewater analysis.
Chapter 8
Analysis Methods – Review of Standard Methods
The chapter delves into standard methods for the analysis of organic and inorganic chemicals in water, emphasizing the importance of speciation in identifying pollution sources. Key topics include the methodologies for extracting and analyzing different compounds, utilizing bioassays for toxicity assessment, and referencing established guidelines from organizations like the US EPA. The significance of quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) in laboratory practices is also highlighted.
Chapter 9
Analysis Methods – Organics in Water
The chapter focuses on the analysis of organics in water, particularly highlighting extraction methods to recover contaminants at low concentrations. Key aspects include the process of liquid-liquid extraction using immiscible solvents, the implications of using hazardous chemicals, managing interferences during analysis, and the importance of filtration and suspended solids analysis. It emphasizes the need for careful method selection and waste management in environmental monitoring.
Chapter 10
Environmental Quality
The chapter focuses on various methodologies for analyzing organic chemicals in water, emphasizing liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction techniques. It highlights the safety concerns, waste management issues, and procedural complexities involved in these analytical processes. Additionally, the importance of extraction efficiency and the subsequent concentration of samples using various methods are discussed.
Chapter 11
Analysis Methods – Chromatography Fundamentals
The chapter provides an in-depth analysis of chromatography fundamentals, focusing on the separation processes of organic chemicals in environmental samples. It highlights the significance of considering multiple analytes present in a given sample and explains the role of relative affinity in separating these compounds. The discussion includes practical aspects of chromatographic methods, including both liquid and gas chromatography, emphasizing the importance of the stationary and mobile phases in sample analysis.
Chapter 12
Analysis Methods – Gas Chromatography
The chapter discusses the principles and techniques of gas chromatography, focusing on factors affecting separation, types of chromatography columns, and various detectors used for analysis. It highlights the importance of retention time and calibration in identifying compounds and emphasizes the need for dynamic separation methods in commercial applications to enhance throughput and efficiency.
Chapter 13
Analysis Methods – Gas Chromatography (Mass Spectrometry)
Mass spectrometry is a vital analytical method that allows for the precise examination of organic compounds through ionization and fragmentation. The methodology includes the use of a mass analyzer to separate ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio, enabling a detailed analysis of the components in a sample. This chapter discusses key aspects of gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), including the functionality of mass analyzers, data processing for compound identification, and quantification techniques.
Chapter 14
Chromatography and Calibration
The chapter discusses the use of chromatography and mass spectrometry in quantitative and qualitative analysis of compounds. It highlights the importance of calibration based on concentration and the detection limits of different operational modes in GCMS, such as SCAN and SIM, emphasizing their impacts on sensitivity and the identification of compounds. The chapter also covers the significance of understanding peak integration and baseline determination in chromatograms for accurate analysis.
Chapter 15
Analysis Methods – Liquid Chromatography
Liquid chromatography (LC) offers significant advantages over gas chromatography (GC) in terms of sample handling and analysis. With the ability to manipulate solvent mixtures dynamically and maintain high detection sensitivity, LC is suitable for a broader range of compounds, particularly those that may denature during extraction. The chapter also discusses various detectors used in LC, emphasizing the role of UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy in compound identification based on absorbance characteristics.