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5.3 - Classification of textile fibres

Interactive Audio Lesson

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Classification by Origin

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Teacher
Teacher

Today, we're going to learn how textile fibres are classified. Can anyone tell me the two main categories?

Student 1
Student 1

Natural and manufactured fibres!

Teacher
Teacher

Correct! Natural fibres come from plants and animals, while manufactured fibres are created through chemical means. Why do you think this classification is important?

Student 2
Student 2

It helps us understand their properties and uses!

Teacher
Teacher

Exactly! Understanding these classifications helps in selecting the right fabric for specific needs. Can anyone give an example of natural fibres?

Student 3
Student 3

Cotton and wool!

Teacher
Teacher

Good examples! Remember that natural fibres can be further divided into two main types, cellulosic and protein. Let’s now review what each term means.

Cellulosic and Protein Fibres

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Teacher
Teacher

Now, let's dive deeper into cellulosic and protein fibres. Can anyone give me examples of cellulosic fibres?

Student 4
Student 4

Cotton and flax!

Teacher
Teacher

Perfect! Cellulosic fibres are derived from plants, which are generally strong and absorbent. How about protein fibres?

Student 1
Student 1

Wool and silk!

Teacher
Teacher

Correct! Protein fibres come from animals and are known for their warmth and elasticity. Remember the acronym CAP for Cellulosic = Cotton, Agave, Pineapple helps in remembering these examples.

Student 2
Student 2

That's a good way to remember!

Manufactured Fibres

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Teacher
Teacher

Next, let's learn about manufactured fibres. What can you tell me about rayon?

Student 3
Student 3

It was the first manufactured fibre!

Teacher
Teacher

Yes! Rayon is made from wood pulp and is often referred to as artificial silk. As we explore more manufactured fibres, remember the mnemonic RAMP for Rayon, Acetate, Nylon, Polyester. What is the benefit of manufactured fibres?

Student 4
Student 4

They can be tailored for specific uses and properties!

Teacher
Teacher

Correct! These fibres can be designed for strength, elasticity, or even water resistance.

Differences between Staple and Filament Fibres

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Teacher
Teacher

Now that we understand different categories, let's talk about staple vs. filament fibres. Can someone explain the difference?

Student 1
Student 1

Staple fibres are short, while filament fibres are long!

Teacher
Teacher

Exactly! Staple fibres like cotton are cut short, whereas filament fibres like silk and polyester run continuously. Why do you think this difference matters?

Student 2
Student 2

It affects the texture and strength of the fabric!

Teacher
Teacher

Spot on! Fabrics made from staple fibres are generally softer, while those from filament fibres can be smoother and stronger.

Introduction & Overview

Read a summary of the section's main ideas. Choose from Basic, Medium, or Detailed.

Quick Overview

This section details the classification of textile fibres based on their origin, chemical type, and physical form.

Standard

Textile fibres can be classified into natural and manufactured fibres, further segmented by their chemical types and forms. Natural fibres include cellulosic and protein fibres, while manufactured fibres include regenerated and synthetic types. This classification aids in understanding fibre properties and suitable uses in textiles.

Detailed

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Audio Book

Dive deep into the subject with an immersive audiobook experience.

Overview of Textile Fibres

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Textile fibres can be classified on the basis of their origin (natural or man-made or manufactured), general chemical type (cellulosic, protein or synthetic), generic types (animal hair or animal secretion) and common trade name (polyester, as terene or dacron). Further, fibres can be staple, i.e., short length like cotton, or filament, i.e., long length like silk, polyester, etc.

Detailed Explanation

Textile fibres are the basic components used to make fabrics. They can be classified in a few key ways: by origin, which includes natural fibres obtained directly from plants or animals, and man-made fibres that are manufactured through chemical processes. Another classification is based on their chemical makeup, such as cellulosic fibres that come from plants (like cotton) and protein fibres that come from animals (like wool). Fibres can also be categorized by their length—staple fibres are short (like cotton), while filament fibres are long (like silk). Understanding these classifications helps us know how different fibres behave and what they are best suited for.

Examples & Analogies

Think of textile fibres like different ingredients in cooking. Just as a chef selects ingredients based on the type of dish they want to create—like fresh tomatoes for a sauce versus dried tomatoes for a salad—we choose fibres based on the type, characteristics, and use of fabrics we want to create.

Natural Fibres

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Natural fibres are those which are available to us in nature. There are four types of natural fibres:

(a) Cellulosic fibres—
1. Seed hair-cotton, kapok
2. Bast fibres-flax(linen), hemp, jute
3. Leaf fibres-pineapple, agave(sisal)
4. Nut husk fibres-coir(coconut)

(b) Protein fibres
1. Animal hair–wool, specially hair (goat, camel), fur
2. Animal secretion–silk

(c) Mineral fibre: Asbestos

(d) Natural rubber

Detailed Explanation

Natural fibres are derived from nature and classified into several groups based on their source. Cellulosic fibres, such as cotton, come from plants. Cotton is the most recognized example, sourced from seed hairs. Bast fibres like linen and jute stem from the inner bark of plants. Leaf fibres such as sisal come from the leaves of certain plants. On the other hand, protein fibres come from animals, like wool from sheep and silk from silkworms. Each fibre has unique properties that influence the type of fabric made.

Examples & Analogies

Imagine a garden where every plant gives a different type of fruit. Just like you wouldn't use a lemon for a banana smoothie, each natural fibre provides specific qualities that make it suitable for certain fabrics. For example, cotton is soft and breathable, perfect for shirts, while wool is warm and elastic, ideal for winter coats.

Manufactured Fibres

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Manufactured Fibres (also called man-made fibres)
Most of you must have seen a cotton flower with fibres sticking to the seeds, or sheep with long overgrown hair. You can also imagine how these may be used for yarn and fabric production. However, you may find it difficult to understand how the manufactured or synthetic fibres came to exist.

The first manufactured fibre–Rayon–was commercially produced in AD 1895, while most others are products of the 20th century.

The concept of creating fibres perhaps originated from human desire to produce a fibre like silk. Possibly, the thought process could have been like this: the silk worm, which basically feeds on mulberry leaves, digests them and spews a liquid through its spinnerettes (two holes), which on solidifying becomes the silk filament (cocoon). Thus if a cellulose substance is digested it should be possible to produce something like silk.

Detailed Explanation

Manufactured fibres, or man-made fibres, are created through industrial processes. Rayon, the first manufactured fibre, was produced in 1895. The process generally involves turning raw materials, such as wood pulp or synthetic chemicals, into fibres that mimic natural ones, like silk. For instance, the idea was to create a fibre similar to silk by modifying cellulose, which is found in plant material. This allowed manufacturers to provide alternatives to natural fibres, making textiles more versatile and abundant.

Examples & Analogies

Consider how we can replicate the taste of chocolate in something like a cake without using actual chocolate. Just as manufacturers create flavours that mimic the real thing, they develop fibres that imitate natural ones, giving us options like rayon that feels similar to silk but is made through chemical processes.

Types of Manufactured Fibres

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(a) Regenerated cellulosic fibres: Rayon–cuprammonium, viscose, high-wet-modulus

(b) Modified cellulosic: Acetate–secondary acetate, triacetate

(c) Protein fibres: Azlon

(d) Non-cellulosic(synthetic) fibres
(i) nylon
(ii) polyester – terelene, terrene
(iii) acrylic – Orlon, cashmilon
(iv) modacrylic
(v) spandex
(vi) rubber

(e) Mineral fibres
(i) Glass – fibreglass
(ii) Metallic – lurex

Detailed Explanation

Manufactured fibres can be categorized into several types. Regenerated cellulosic fibres, such as rayon, are made from natural sources but processed to alter their properties. Modified cellulosic fibres like acetate retain some plant-based characteristics while modifying them for specific uses. Non-cellulosic fibres such as nylon and polyester are entirely synthetic, created purely from chemicals. Each of these fibres possesses unique characteristics that can enhance the fabric's performance, comfort, and durability.

Examples & Analogies

Think of manufactured fibres like customizing a recipe. Just as a baker might modify a cake recipe by adding flavors, textures, or colors, manufacturers alter the basic ingredients of natural fibres to achieve specific features in fabrics, resulting in a wide array of textiles like breathable sportswear made from polyester or stretchy leggings from spandex.

Definitions & Key Concepts

Learn essential terms and foundational ideas that form the basis of the topic.

Key Concepts

  • Textile Fibres: Materials that are spun or woven into fabrics.

  • Classification: Fibres can be classified by origin, chemical type, and physical form.

  • Natural vs. Manufactured: Understanding the difference is crucial for fabric selection.

Examples & Real-Life Applications

See how the concepts apply in real-world scenarios to understand their practical implications.

Examples

  • Cotton is a natural cellulose fibre used widely in clothing.

  • Rayon is a manufactured fibre created from wood pulp resembling silk.

Memory Aids

Use mnemonics, acronyms, or visual cues to help remember key information more easily.

🎵 Rhymes Time

  • Cotton is soft, and wool keeps you warm; both are from nature, that's their charm.

📖 Fascinating Stories

  • Once upon a time, a cotton plant and a sheep decided to compete in comfort. The cotton showed off its softness, while the sheep bundled up in warmth. In the end, both were loved for their unique gifts as natural fibres!

🧠 Other Memory Gems

  • Remember 'C.A.P' for Natural Cellulosic Fibres: Cotton, Agave, Pineapple.

🎯 Super Acronyms

Use 'RAMP' to recall Manufactured Fibres

  • Rayon
  • Acetate
  • Nylon
  • Polyester.

Flash Cards

Review key concepts with flashcards.

Glossary of Terms

Review the Definitions for terms.

  • Term: Natural Fibres

    Definition:

    Fibres sourced from nature, including plant and animal origins.

  • Term: Manufactured Fibres

    Definition:

    Fibres created through chemical processes, often derived from synthetic materials.

  • Term: Cellulosic Fibres

    Definition:

    Fibres that originate from plants, such as cotton and linen.

  • Term: Protein Fibres

    Definition:

    Fibres that come from animals, including wool and silk.

  • Term: Staple Fibres

    Definition:

    Short-length fibres like cotton, often spun into yarn.

  • Term: Filament Fibres

    Definition:

    Long-length fibres like silk, which can be made into continuous lengths.