5.3.2.1. Types of Manufactured Fibres

• Regenerated cellulosic fibres:
  • Rayon: cuprammonium, viscose, high-wet-modulus

Regenerated cellulosic fibres are made from natural cellulose materials, primarily derived from wood pulp or cotton waste. Rayon is the most significant example in this category. The process starts by dissolving cellulose to create a viscous solution, which is then extruded through spinnerets to produce fibers. Depending on the chemical treatment, rayon can take various forms like cuprammonium rayon, viscose rayon, and high-wet-modulus rayon, each having unique properties suitable for different applications.

Think of rayon as similar to a cake made from batter. Just as mixing the right ingredients (like flour, eggs, and water) in the right sequence creates the perfect cake, regenerating cellulose involves mixing natural cellulose, chemicals, and solvents to form a new fiber. This fiber is then spun into threads, much like how cake batter is poured into a baking tin.

• Modified cellulosic fibres:
  • Acetate: secondary acetate, triacetate

Modified cellulosic fibres, such as acetate, are derived from cellulose as well, but they undergo chemical modifications to improve certain characteristics. Acetate fibers are created by modifying cellulose with acetic acid, which alters the fiber's properties. This results in a fabric that is softer and has a luxurious feel, making it popular in garments like linings and dress fabrics.

Imagine modifying a simple cotton shirt by adding a soft, shiny fabric as a lining. Just as you enhance the comfort and appearance of the shirt, the process of creating acetate modifies cellulose to enhance the texture and aesthetic of the resulting fabric.

• Protein fibres:
  • Azlon

Protein fibres are derived from natural proteins, typically sourced from animal products. Azlon is a type of protein fibre that is obtained from the natural protein in milk or soy. These fibres are biodegradable and have good moisture-wicking properties, making them suitable for activewear or environmentally friendly fabrics.

Think of Azlon fibers like a sponge derived from a natural ingredient. Just as a sponge absorbs moisture and can decompose back into nature after its lifespan, Azlon fibers come from protein sources and can handle moisture while being environmentally friendly.

• Non-cellulosic (synthetic) fibres:
  • (i) nylon
  • (ii) polyester – terelene, terrene
  • (iii) acrylic – Orlon, cashmilon
  • (iv) modacrylic
  • (v) spandex
  • (vi) rubber

Non-cellulosic or synthetic fibres are entirely manufactured from chemical compounds rather than natural cellulose. Examples include nylon, polyester, acrylic, spandex, and rubber. These synthetic fibres are engineered to possess specific properties such as high strength (like nylon), wrinkle resistance (like polyester), and elasticity (like spandex), catering to various textile needs across apparel and industrial applications.

Imagine building a modern bicycle using synthetic materials instead of traditional wood or metal. Just as synthetic materials provide durability and specific performance features, synthetic fibres are designed to meet diverse textile demands, offering benefits that natural fibres alone cannot.

• Mineral fibres:
  • (i) Glass – fibreglass
  • (ii) Metallic – lurex

Mineral fibres are inorganic materials and are less common in textiles, with glass fibres and metallic fibres like lurex being key examples. Fibreglass is often used for its strength and insulation properties in manufacturing and construction. Metallic fibres like lurex provide a shiny, decorative element in fabrics and are commonly used in formal garments or accessories.

Consider how glass is used to create windows that let sunlight in while providing insulation. Similarly, fibreglass can be woven into fabrics that give strength and insulation, while lurex adds a delightful sparkle to fabric that mimics the glitter of sunlight.

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