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Interactive Audio Lesson
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Introduction to Key Terms
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Today, we'll explore key terms related to our study of psychological methods. Understanding these terms is crucial for engaging with the field. Can anyone tell me what they think a 'case study' is?
Is it when you study one person in detail?
Exactly! A case study is an in-depth analysis of an individual or group. They often provide rich detail that other methods can't. Student_2, can you tell me why confidentiality is important in psychological research?
It's important to protect the privacy of the participants, right?
Right again! Maintaining confidentiality encourages honesty from participants, ensuring that findings are valid and reliable.
Understanding Variables
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Now, let's discuss independent and dependent variables. Who can explain the difference between the two?
I think the independent variable is what the researcher changes, and the dependent variable is what they measure.
That's correct! For instance, if we're testing the effect of study time on test scores, the study time is the independent variable, and the test scores are the dependent variable. Student_4, can you think of an example of an experiment that uses these variables?
Maybe testing how different amounts of fertilizer affect plant growth?
Perfect example! The amount of fertilizer is the independent variable, while the growth of the plant is the dependent variable.
Methods of Data Collection
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Let's shift to methods of data collection. We have methods such as surveys and interviews. Can anyone describe the difference between structured and unstructured interviews?
In structured interviews, the questions are planned ahead, but in unstructured interviews, the interviewer can ask any questions?
Exactly! Structured interviews provide consistent data but may miss nuances, while unstructured interviews allow for depth but can be inconsistent. How about the survey method, Student_2?
Surveys can gather information from many people quickly using questionnaires or interviews.
Correct! Surveys are excellent for assessing trends and opinions across larger populations.
Introduction & Overview
Read a summary of the section's main ideas. Choose from Basic, Medium, or Detailed.
Quick Overview
Standard
The section presents key terms central to understanding methods of psychological research, including important concepts like experimental method, case study, and ethical considerations, providing students with a solid vocabulary to engage with psychological literature.
Detailed
Key Terms in Psychological Enquiry
Overview of Key Terms
In this section, we explore several crucial terms pertinent to the scientific study of psychology. Understanding these terms is essential for navigating the complex field of psychological enquiry, as they provide a framework for discussing methods, ethics, and processes involved in research.
Definitions of Key Terms
- Case Study: An in-depth analysis of a specific individual, group, or event to uncover underlying principles and insights.
- Confidentiality: The ethical obligation to protect personal information provided by research participants.
- Control Group: A group in an experiment that is not exposed to the independent variable, used as a benchmark to measure the effects of the independent variable.
- Correlational Research: A method that examines the relationship between two variables to determine if they are associated, without manipulation by the researcher.
- Data: Information collected during research that can include quantitative measures or qualitative observations.
- Debriefing: The process of informing participants about the experiment's purpose and outcomes after their involvement.
- Dependent Variable: The outcome or response that is measured in an experiment, affected by changes in the independent variable.
- Experimental Group: The group in an experiment that receives the treatment or intervention being tested.
- Experimental Method: A research strategy that manipulates an independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable, establishing cause-effect relationships.
- Hypothesis: A testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables.
- Independent Variable: The variable that is manipulated by the researcher in an experiment.
- Interview: A qualitative research method where a series of questions are posed to gather in-depth information from participants.
- Negative Correlation: An inverse relationship between two variables, where an increase in one leads to a decrease in the other.
- Objectivity: The practice of minimizing personal biases and subjective interpretations in research.
- Observation: A research method that involves watching subjects in their natural environment without interference.
- Performance Tests: Assessments that require individuals to demonstrate specific skills or abilities.
- Positive Correlation: A relationship between two variables where they both increase or decrease together.
- Power Test: A test measuring the underlying ability without a time restriction, often assessing higher levels of difficulty.
- Psychological Test: A standardized method for assessing mental capabilities or characteristics.
- Qualitative Method: A research strategy that investigates the quality of experiences, yielding descriptive data rather than numerical scores.
- Quantitative Method: A research strategy that quantifies variables to draw statistical conclusions.
- Questionnaire: A research tool comprising a set of questions designed to gather information from respondents.
- Reliability: The consistency of a research measure, especially in producing similar results under consistent conditions.
- Speed Test: A test that assesses performance under time constraints.
- Structured Interview: An interview method where specific questions are prepared in advance to ensure consistency across respondents.
- Survey: A research method that collects data from a large group using interviews or questionnaires, aiming to assess opinions, attitudes, or behaviors.
- Unstructured Interview: A flexible interview format allowing spontaneous questions tailored to the conversation's direction.
- Validity: The extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure.
- Variable: Any characteristic or factor that can vary among subjects in a study.
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Case Study
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A case study involves an in-depth study of a particular case, providing critical information on less understood phenomena.
Detailed Explanation
A case study is a detailed analysis of a specific individual, group, event, or situation. Researchers gather extensive data through methods such as interviews, observations, and tests to better understand complex behaviors or conditions. Case studies are particularly valuable in clinical psychology and education, where detailed insights can lead to better understanding and treatment of individuals.
Examples & Analogies
Think of a case study like a deep dive into a fascinating story. For instance, if a researcher wanted to understand how a person overcame severe anxiety, they would gather all the details of that person's life: their environment, their challenges, how they coped, and the support they received. Just like reading a character’s backstory in a novel helps you understand their actions better, a case study gives detailed context to the subject's behavior.
Confidentiality
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Confidentiality refers to the right of participants to keep their personal data private, ensuring their information is used strictly for research purposes.
Detailed Explanation
In psychological research, confidentiality is crucial to protect participants' identities and personal information. Researchers must ensure that any data collected are stored securely and that any reports or findings do not expose participants' identities. This ethical principle helps maintain trust between researchers and participants, encouraging honest and accurate responses.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine if a researcher asked people about their mental health struggles. If those participants felt that their responses would be shared publicly, they might not answer truthfully. But with assurances of confidentiality, like a locked diary where only the owner can read the entries, participants can share openly, knowing their privacy is respected.
Control Group
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A control group is a baseline group that does not receive the experimental treatment, allowing researchers to compare effects against the experimental group.
Detailed Explanation
In experiments, the control group provides a standard for comparison. Researchers manipulate an independent variable for the experimental group while keeping everything else the same for the control group. This helps determine if changes in the experimental group are due to the treatment or other factors. For instance, if studying a new medication's effect, one group receives the medication while the control group receives a placebo. By comparing outcomes, researchers can see the actual effect of the medication.
Examples & Analogies
Think of a baking experiment where you want to know if adding sugar makes cookies taste better. You bake one batch with sugar (the experimental group) and another batch without sugar (the control group). By tasting both, you can clearly see if sugar really does make a difference in flavor. In this scenario, the batch without sugar helps you understand what the cookies would taste like without any potential bias from the sweetener.
Correlational Research
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Correlational research investigates the relationship between two variables to determine if they move together; however, it does not imply causation.
Detailed Explanation
Correlational research looks for patterns or connections between two variables. For example, researchers may find that as ice cream sales increase, so do the rates of sunburn. This indicates a correlation, but it does not mean that eating ice cream causes sunburn. Other factors, like hot weather, could be influencing both. Understanding correlations can help in making predictions but does not establish a cause-and-effect relationship.
Examples & Analogies
Consider your experience at school: the more hours you study, the better your grades tend to be. This suggests a correlation. However, it doesn’t mean studying for ten hours will guarantee an A, as many other factors (like quality of study or interest in the subject) also play a role, similar to how carrying an umbrella correlates with rainy weather but doesn’t make rain happen.
Data
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Data in psychological research refer to the information collected from participants, which can be analyzed to draw conclusions.
Detailed Explanation
Data are essential for conducting psychological research and come in various forms, such as numerical scores, verbal responses, observational notes, or physiological measures. This information allows researchers to uncover trends, patterns, and insights about human behavior, enabling evidence-based conclusions. Proper data collection and analysis are critical for validating research findings.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine conducting a survey to find out how many students enjoy reading. The responses (like 'yes' or 'no' or the number of books read) create a data set. Just as a chef uses different ingredients to create a dish, researchers use data to create a comprehensive picture of preferences, behaviors, or attitudes.
Debriefing
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Debriefing is the process of informing participants about the research, ensuring they understand the study's purpose and any deception used.
Detailed Explanation
Debriefing occurs after a study to provide participants with a clear understanding of the research objectives and outcomes. This process is essential, especially when deception is involved, to ensure that participants leave the study feeling informed and without negative feelings. It offers an opportunity for participants to ask questions and ensures ethical standards are upheld.
Examples & Analogies
Think of a surprise party. Once the surprise is revealed, the host explains why it was planned—a celebration of a milestone. Similarly, in research, after participants have completed their involvement, they deserve to understand the 'why' behind the research decisions, helping them process the experience just like enjoying the party after the shock fades.
Dependent Variable
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The dependent variable in an experiment is the outcome that researchers measure to see if it is influenced by changes in the independent variable.
Detailed Explanation
In experimentation, the dependent variable is what is being tested or measured to assess the effects of the independent variable. For instance, if researchers want to see how study hours (independent variable) affect test scores (dependent variable), they measure the test scores of students after experimenting with different study durations. This variable helps illustrate the result of manipulations in research.
Examples & Analogies
Consider a scientist testing a new plant fertilizer. The amount of plant growth is the dependent variable they measure. Just as a gardener might track how tall plants grow with different fertilizers, researchers track how the test scores vary with study hours, aiming to understand how one influences the other.
Experimental Group
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An experimental group is a group in research that receives the treatment or manipulation being tested, allowing researchers to evaluate its effects.
Detailed Explanation
The experimental group is the segment of a study that is exposed to the independent variable, enabling researchers to observe any resulting changes. By comparing this group against a control group that does not receive the treatment, scientists can draw conclusions about the efficacy of the intervention or treatment being tested. This structure is vital for establishing cause-and-effect relationships.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine testing a new vitamin supplement. The group taking the supplement would be the experimental group. Just like comparing two different workout routines to see which yields better fitness results, comparing the health improvements of those taking the supplement against those who aren’t lets researchers know if the supplement really works.
Experimental Method
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The experimental method involves manipulating one variable to determine its effect on another while maintaining control over extraneous variables.
Detailed Explanation
The experimental method is a systematic way to study cause-and-effect relationships. By altering an independent variable and observing changes in a dependent variable, while controlling other factors, researchers can make reliable inferences about the impact of their manipulations. This method is rigorous and allows for highly controlled conditions, making it essential in scientific research.
Examples & Analogies
Think about baking a cake. If you want to see if adding more sugar makes it sweeter, that’s your independent variable. You control the baking time and temperature as constants, measuring the sweetness when the cake is done. This structured approach mirrors the experimental method, helping you understand how sugar amounts affect sweetness.
Group Test
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Group tests are administered to multiple subjects at the same time, allowing comparison of performance among different individuals.
Detailed Explanation
Group tests allow researchers to assess many individuals simultaneously, which can save time and resources. These tests typically provide scores that can be compared across a large population, helping to identify trends or attributes relevant to a particular study. While convenient, it’s essential that responses are precise and answer the questions fully to maintain the quality of the data collected.
Examples & Analogies
Consider a group of students taking a math test together. Like a classroom full of eager readers comparing their favorite novels, they each bring their thoughts and ideas—group tests allow researchers to analyze collective performance, much like measuring how popular a book is based on how many students enjoyed it!
Hypothesis
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A hypothesis is a testable prediction about the relationship between variables, forming the basis for experimentation.
Detailed Explanation
A hypothesis is an educated guess that poses a possible link between variables in a study. It provides direction for research and forms the basis for the investigation. Researchers design their experiments to either confirm or refute this hypothesis, which is essential for advancing scientific knowledge and understanding behavioral phenomena.
Examples & Analogies
Think of a hypothesis like a detective’s theory about who committed a crime. The detective believes 'the butler did it' based on evidence. To prove this theory, they gather clues. Similarly, a researcher might hypothesize, 'Increased exercise leads to better mood' and then design a study to test this prediction.
Independent Variable
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The independent variable is the factor that researchers manipulate in an experiment to observe its effects on the dependent variable.
Detailed Explanation
The independent variable is what a researcher changes to see how it affects another variable. For example, in a study on how sleep affects concentration, the amount of sleep given to participants is the independent variable, while their concentration performance is the dependent variable. Understanding this distinction helps clarify what is being tested in an experiment.
Examples & Analogies
Think of a science experiment where you grow plants under different light conditions. The type of light (sunlight vs. artificial light) is the independent variable, while the plants' growth over time is what you measure. It’s like adjusting flavors in a recipe, where the new ingredient can impact the dish's final taste.
Interview
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An interview is a qualitative data collection method where a researcher asks questions to gather in-depth information from participants.
Detailed Explanation
Interviews allow researchers to gather detailed, qualitative data through direct interaction with participants. They can be structured with specific questions or unstructured, allowing for a more conversational approach. This method provides rich insights into participants' thoughts, experiences, and feelings, making it invaluable for psychological research.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine you’re sitting down with a friend over coffee, asking about their week. You might have specific questions, but the conversation flows naturally, leading to deeper insights about their feelings. Similarly, interviews provide a platform for researchers to explore important topics in depth.
Negative Correlation
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A negative correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other decreases, showing an inverse relationship.
Detailed Explanation
In research, negative correlation refers to a relationship where one variable goes up while the other goes down. For example, if increased time spent watching TV leads to lower academic performance, there is a negative correlation between these two variables. Such insights can help in making predictions and understanding behavior in contexts where variables interact.
Examples & Analogies
Think of an energy drink. The more people consume it, the less sleep they get. This scenario showcases a negative correlation—more energy drink consumption correlates with decreased sleep quality, similar to how taking on too many projects might lead to less leisure time.
Norms
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Norms are the standard or average performance benchmarks, helping to interpret individual test scores within a specific group.
Detailed Explanation
Norms provide a reference point for assessing individual scores in psychological testing. By comparing a participant's score to established norms for their age group, researchers can determine whether the score is typical, high, or low. This contextualizes results and aids in evaluation and decisions, such as academic placement or therapy needs.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine a classroom where a math test has an average score of 75 out of 100. If a student scores 90, they performed above the norm, while a score of 60 would indicate below-average performance. This concept helps teachers understand where students stand in relation to their peers.
Objectivity
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Objectivity in psychology refers to the ability to remain impartial and unbiased during research, ensuring results are based on facts.
Detailed Explanation
Objectivity is crucial in psychological research to produce credible and reliable results. This means that researchers should avoid personal biases and influences while conducting studies, ensuring that findings are based solely on data collected. Strategies like using standardized measures and blind testing can help enhance objectivity.
Examples & Analogies
Picture a judge in a courtroom deciding a case. A good judge must remain impartial, basing their decision on evidence without personal feelings influencing the outcome. Similarly, researchers aim to achieve objectivity to ensure their findings are valid and trustworthy.
Observation
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Observation is a method for collecting data by watching subjects in their natural environment, focusing on behavior without interference.
Detailed Explanation
In psychological research, observation involves watching subjects to gather data about their behavior. This can be done in natural settings, where participants are unaware they are being observed, or in controlled environments. Observational methods help researchers understand real-life behaviors without artificial influences, although they require careful design to minimize observer bias.
Examples & Analogies
Think of a nature documentary film crew recording animal behavior in the wild. They observe without interfering, capturing natural interactions. In psychology, this method allows researchers to gain insights into human behavior similarly, providing a more authentic understanding.
Performance Tests
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Performance tests assess individuals based on their ability to perform tasks or activities, providing insight into their skills.
Detailed Explanation
Performance tests evaluate a person's abilities through tasks or activities, measuring their proficiency in specific skill areas. These tests can include practical assessments like problem-solving tasks, physical activities, or simulations. They provide insights into a person's functional skills and capabilities in real-world scenarios.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine a sports tryout, where applicants demonstrate their abilities through drills and gameplay. This practical assessment reveals their skill levels in action, akin to performance tests in psychology that evaluate how well individuals can apply their knowledge or skills.
Positive Correlation
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A positive correlation indicates that as one variable increases, the other also increases, highlighting a direct relationship.
Detailed Explanation
In research, a positive correlation means that both variables move in the same direction: when one goes up, the other does, too. For example, if studying longer leads to higher grades, there is a positive correlation between study duration and academic success. Understanding these correlations can help in making predictions and identifying patterns in behavior.
Examples & Analogies
Think of gardening: the more water and care you give a plant, the more it grows. This is a positive correlation, where increased care leads to better growth. In psychology, similar links can be identified, like how more practice correlates with improved performance.
Qualitative Method
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Qualitative methods focus on understanding human behavior through in-depth insights rather than statistical analysis.
Detailed Explanation
Qualitative methods in research are centered around exploring human experiences, feelings, and meanings through non-numerical data collection techniques, such as interviews and observations. This approach provides rich descriptions and insights, capturing the complexity of human behavior and context, and is particularly helpful in understanding phenomena that cannot be quantified easily.
Examples & Analogies
Consider a documentary that tells personal stories of people's struggles. These narratives offer profound insights into their experiences, much like qualitative research that seeks to understand the depths of human emotion and thought beyond mere numbers.
Quantitative Method
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Quantitative methods involve the collection and analysis of numerical data to identify patterns and test hypotheses.
Detailed Explanation
Quantitative methods focus on collecting numerical data that can be measured and analyzed statistically. This enables researchers to identify patterns, test hypotheses, and draw conclusions based on the data. By applying statistical techniques, researchers can quantify relationships between variables and establish objective results that contribute to scientific understanding.
Examples & Analogies
Think of a business analyzing sales data. By examining numbers of products sold over time and demographics, they can identify trends and adjust strategies. Similarly, quantitative research in psychology reveals patterns in behavior through numerical data, helping researchers derive evidence-based insights.
Reliability
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Reliability refers to the consistency and repeatability of a measure, ensuring it produces stable results over time.
Detailed Explanation
In psychological testing, reliability is the degree to which a test yields consistent results across different occasions. If a test is reliable, participants should achieve similar scores when retested under the same conditions. Reliability is important for ensuring that findings are trustworthy and not due to random chance. It can be assessed through various methods, such as test-retest or split-half reliability.
Examples & Analogies
Think of your favorite exercise tracker. If it consistently measures your steps accurately each day, it’s reliable. Similarly, psychological tests must produce dependable results over time to ensure the accuracy of assessments and findings.
Speed Test
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Speed tests measure how quickly individuals can perform tasks, often under a time constraint, assessing efficiency as well as ability.
Detailed Explanation
Speed tests are designed to assess how fast participants can complete tasks within a given time limit. These tests evaluate both ability and speed of performance, providing insight into how efficiently individuals can process information or execute tasks. The results help researchers understand differences in performance across individuals or groups.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine a typing competition where participants aim to type a set text as quickly as possible. The focus is on how fast they can type while maintaining accuracy. In psychology, similar speed tests gauge how quickly someone can respond or perform tasks, shedding light on cognitive processing speed and task efficiency.
Structured Interview
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A structured interview follows a pre-determined set of questions in a set order, facilitating consistency in data collection.
Detailed Explanation
Structured interviews provide a systematic approach to gathering information, where researchers ask specified questions in a fixed sequence. This ensures that all participants receive the same inquiries, facilitating comparability in responses and helping maintain a focused discussion. These interviews can yield quantifiable data, making them valuable for systematic analysis.
Examples & Analogies
Think of a quiz show where contestants must answer the same set of questions in the same order. This structure ensures fairness in the competition. Similarly, structured interviews keep the research process consistent, allowing for effective comparisons across participants’ responses.
Survey
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A survey is a method used to gather information from a sample of individuals, often employing questionnaires or interviews to collect data.
Detailed Explanation
Surveys collect data from individuals to gather insights about opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a larger population. By using questionnaires or structured interviews, researchers can impose a systematic method to quantify responses and analyze trends. Surveys allow researchers to collect large amounts of data efficiently and are widely used in various fields of study.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine conducting a poll to see how many people in your school love chocolate. You create a short questionnaire and distribute it to students. The aggregated responses help you understand how popular chocolate is among your peers, much like surveys in research provide valuable data on public opinion or behaviors.
Unstructured Interview
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An unstructured interview allows for open-ended questions and a flexible approach, promoting free-flowing conversation and in-depth learning.
Detailed Explanation
Unstructured interviews provide a conversational approach to data collection, enabling researchers to ask open-ended questions and explore topics in greater depth. This flexibility allows participants to express themselves fully, leading to rich qualitative data that captures their unique perspectives and experiences. Unstructured interviews can reveal insights that traditional formats might overlook.
Examples & Analogies
Consider chatting with a friend about their life experiences over coffee. You might start with a broad question, but your conversation easily flows into various topics, uncovering deep feelings and stories. Unstructured interviews operate similarly, allowing researchers to gain profound insights into human behavior.
Validity
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Validity refers to the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure, ensuring the accuracy of psychological assessments.
Detailed Explanation
Validity is an essential characteristic of psychological tests, indicating whether the test truly assesses what it's intended to measure. A valid test should accurately reflect the construct it aims to evaluate, whether it be intelligence, personality, or emotional distress. Various methods, such as content and criterion-related validity, help researchers ensure that the instruments they use provide accurate assessments.
Examples & Analogies
Think of an eye exam that should test your vision. If the test measures how well you can read letters but fails to assess overall sight, its validity is compromised. Similarly, psychological assessments must ensure they measure the correct attributes to provide useful insights.
Variable
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A variable in psychology refers to any factor or condition that can change or vary, influencing behavior or outcomes in research.
Detailed Explanation
Variables are fundamental components in psychological research, with different types, including independent, dependent, and extraneous variables. Understanding how these variables interact is key to conducting effective studies. For instance, in an experiment examining stress levels, the type of stressor might be the independent variable, while the measured stress response is the dependent variable.
Examples & Analogies
Consider a cooking recipe where ingredients (variables) can impact the final dish’s outcome. If you change the amount of spice, it can create differing flavors. Likewise, in research, altering one variable helps explore how it affects other factors, revealing relationships and insights.
Definitions & Key Concepts
Learn essential terms and foundational ideas that form the basis of the topic.
Key Concepts
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Case Study: In-depth analysis of individuals/groups that provides extensive data.
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Control Group: A comparison group that is not exposed to the experimental treatment.
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Confidentiality: Ethical duty to protect participant information.
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Correlational Research: Examines the relationship between variables.
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Data: Information collected for analysis and research.
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Dependent Variable: The outcome that is measured in experiments.
Examples & Real-Life Applications
See how the concepts apply in real-world scenarios to understand their practical implications.
Examples
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A case study of a patient with a unique psychological disorder helps researchers understand broader implications.
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In an experiment on learning, the control group might receive standard education while the experimental group receives additional resources.
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Surveys can be used to gather opinions on social issues from a large sample of people.
Memory Aids
Use mnemonics, acronyms, or visual cues to help remember key information more easily.
🎵 Rhymes Time
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In a case study, details unfold, a story of one, uniquely told.
🎯 Super Acronyms
CDE
- Control
- Data
- Ethics - the essentials of research!
🧠 Other Memory Gems
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DICE: Dependent, Independent, Control, Ethics - factors in an experiment.
📖 Fascinating Stories
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Imagine a garden where you test plants with special water (independent variable) to see who grows best (dependent variable), comparing those with ordinary water (control group)!
Flash Cards
Review key concepts with flashcards.
Glossary of Terms
Review the Definitions for terms.
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Term: Case Study
Definition:
An in-depth analysis of a specific individual, group, or event to uncover underlying principles and insights.
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Term: Confidentiality
Definition:
The ethical obligation to protect personal information provided by research participants.
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Term: Control Group
Definition:
A group in an experiment that is not exposed to the independent variable, used as a benchmark to measure the effects of the independent variable.
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Term: Correlational Research
Definition:
A method that examines the relationship between two variables to determine if they are associated, without manipulation by the researcher.
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Term: Data
Definition:
Information collected during research that can include quantitative measures or qualitative observations.
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Term: Debriefing
Definition:
The process of informing participants about the experiment's purpose and outcomes after their involvement.
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Term: Dependent Variable
Definition:
The outcome or response that is measured in an experiment, affected by changes in the independent variable.
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Term: Experimental Group
Definition:
The group in an experiment that receives the treatment or intervention being tested.
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Term: Experimental Method
Definition:
A research strategy that manipulates an independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable, establishing cause-effect relationships.
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Term: Hypothesis
Definition:
A testable prediction about the relationship between two or more variables.
Reference links
- Understanding Case Studies in Psychology
- Ethics in Psychological Research
- Understanding Variables in Experiments
- Survey Methods in Psychology
- The Role of Correlational Research
- Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research
- How to Conduct an Interview
- Types of Psychological Tests
- Understanding Reliability and Validity
- An Overview of Ethical Guidelines in Research