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1. The End of Bipolarity

The chapter discusses the significant historical events leading to the end of bipolarity marked by the collapse of the Soviet Union and communist regimes in Eastern Europe. It explores how these developments reshaped international relations and power structures, resulting in the emergence of multiple new countries and the reorientation of political and economic systems from communism to capitalism in the former Soviet bloc. The chapter further examines the implications of these changes, particularly in relation to India's foreign policy.

Sections

  • 1

    The End Of Bipolarity

    This section explores the dramatic events leading to the end of bipolarity in the global political landscape, particularly emphasizing the fall of the Berlin Wall and the disintegration of the Soviet Union.

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  • 1.1

    Overview

    This section analyzes the end of bipolarity, focusing on the collapse of the Soviet Union, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and the implications for global politics.

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  • 1.2

    What Was The Soviet System?

    The Soviet System was established after the 1917 revolution, characterized by state control over the economy and a one-party political system, which ultimately led to its disintegration in the early 1990s.

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  • 1.3

    Mikhail Gorbachev And The Disintegration

    Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms and the subsequent disintegration of the Soviet Union marked a pivotal moment in world history, shifting power dynamics and ending the Cold War.

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  • 1.4

    Why Did The Soviet Union Disintegrate?

    The disintegration of the Soviet Union was primarily due to internal reform challenges, nationalism rising among its republics, and the inability of the communist regime to adapt to changing political and economic landscapes.

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  • 1.5

    Timeline Of Disintegration Of The Soviet Union

    The section outlines the significant events that marked the disintegration of the Soviet Union from the 1980s to its formal end in 1991.

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  • 1.6

    Consequences Of Disintegration

    The disintegration of the Soviet Union and the socialist bloc marked a significant shift in global politics, leading to newfound independence for various nations and a change in the global power dynamics.

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  • 1.7

    Shock Therapy

    Shock therapy refers to the rapid transition from a socialist to a capitalist economic system in post-Communist countries, leading to various social and economic challenges.

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  • 1.8

    Conseqences Of Shock Therapy

    Shock therapy facilitated a sudden transition to capitalism in post-communist countries, leading to widespread economic instability and social disparities.

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  • 1.9

    Tensions And Conflicts

    This section discusses the tensions and conflicts that arose in the post-Soviet states, highlighting economic inequalities and rising nationalism.

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  • 1.10

    India And Post Communist Countries

    The section discusses the collapse of the Soviet Union, the transition of its satellite states to democracy and capitalism, and how India navigates its relations with these countries afterwards.

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References

NCERT Study Material

Class Notes

Memorization

What we have learnt

  • The fall of the Berlin Wall...
  • The disintegration of the S...
  • Shock therapy was a controv...

Final Test

Revision Tests

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