Industry-relevant training in Business, Technology, and Design to help professionals and graduates upskill for real-world careers.
Fun, engaging games to boost memory, math fluency, typing speed, and English skillsβperfect for learners of all ages.
Explore and master the fundamentals of CBSE 12 Politics in India Since Independence
You've not yet enrolled in this course. Please enroll for free to listen to audio lessons, classroom podcasts and take practice test.Chapter 1
Independent India faced significant challenges in nation-building immediately after gaining freedom. Key issues included the integration of diverse communities, establishing a democratic governance system, and ensuring equitable development for all citizens. Amidst the traumatic events of partition, the government worked towards unification and demographic stability, defining a national identity grounded in equality and justice.
Chapter 2
The early years of independent India's electoral politics faced the challenge of nation-building while establishing democratic systems. This chapter highlights the establishment of free and fair elections, the Congress party's dominance following Independence, and the emergence of opposition parties that played crucial roles in maintaining democracy amidst a one-party dominance.
Chapter 3
The narrative discusses the evolving political and economic decisions made by India's leaders in response to the challenges of development post-Independence, highlighting key strategies adopted in the early years. It addresses the tensions between economic growth and social justice and examines planning mechanisms, including the Planning Commission and Five-Year Plans, with a focus on heavy industrialization and agricultural development. The chapter reflects on the contradictions present in policy-making and the differing views on the direction of India's economic development.
Chapter 4
The chapter explores India's external relations, focusing on its foreign policy's evolution amidst global conflicts and internal challenges. Key historical moments, including wars with China and Pakistan, illustrate the complexities of India's diplomatic strategies, particularly its policy of non-alignment. The chapter concludes by addressing India's nuclear policy and the shifting dynamics of international relations in the contemporary era.
Chapter 5
The chapter outlines the political changes in India following Nehru's death, focusing on the challenges faced by the Congress Party between 1964 and the early 1970s. It discusses the rise of opposition parties, the significance of coalition governments, and the eventual election of Indira Gandhi as a powerful leader capable of restoring the Congress's dominance. The chapter concludes by highlighting the changing nature of the Congress, indicating a shift from a broad-based party aligning with various interests to a more centralized and personality-driven political organization.
Chapter 6
The chapter discusses the significant events surrounding the imposition of the Emergency in India from 1975 to 1977, focusing on the political, social, and economic contexts that led to this period. It highlights the clashes between the government and judiciary, economic troubles, and the consequent rise of opposition movements. The chapter also emphasizes the effects of Emergency on civil liberties and the political landscape, culminating in significant electoral changes in 1977, where the opposition came to power amidst widespread public dissatisfaction with the government's handling of democracy.
Chapter 7
The chapter examines the evolution of regional aspirations for autonomy in India post-Independence, focusing on conflicts and resolutions in states like Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, and regions in the North-East. It also discusses how democratic politics navigates the balance between unity and diversity in the face of rising regional demands, highlighting key movements and their impact on national integration.
Chapter 8
The chapter provides an overview of significant political developments in India over the last two decades, tracing the complexities of coalition politics, the rise of caste-based parties, and the implications of landmark movements such as the Mandal issue and the Ram Janmabhoomi movement. It highlights the changing dynamics of political representation, the emergence of new political forces, and the evolving nature of governance in an increasingly multi-party system. The analysis emphasizes the importance of understanding these transformations in the context of India's democratic framework.