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5.3 - Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–1922)

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Causes of the Non-Cooperation Movement

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Teacher
Teacher

Today, we'll explore the causes of the Non-Cooperation Movement. Can anyone tell me what events triggered this significant protest?

Student 1
Student 1

Was it because of the Rowlatt Act?

Teacher
Teacher

Yes, excellent! The Rowlatt Act allowed British authorities to arrest people without trial, and this infuriated many Indians.

Student 2
Student 2

And what about the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre? I’ve heard it was a terrible event.

Teacher
Teacher

Absolutely. The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, where British troops killed hundreds of unarmed Indians, was a turning point. It led many to support Gandhi’s call for non-cooperation.

Student 3
Student 3

Was the Khilafat Movement also a reason?

Teacher
Teacher

Correct! The Khilafat Movement sought to protect the Ottoman Caliphate, and Gandhi’s inclusion of it helped unify various sections of Indian society.

Student 4
Student 4

So Gandhi’s call for peaceful resistance was really important?

Teacher
Teacher

Indeed! He emphasized non-violent methods, which propelled the idea of cooperation against colonial rule.

Teacher
Teacher

To summarize, the causes of the Non-Cooperation Movement were rooted in British oppression and the quest for unity among diverse Indian communities.

Programmes of the Non-Cooperation Movement

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Teacher
Teacher

Now, let’s discuss the programmes that were part of the Non-Cooperation Movement. What actions did Indians take to resist British rule?

Student 1
Student 1

They boycotted British goods, right?

Teacher
Teacher

Yes! One of the main actions was the boycott of foreign goods. Can anyone tell me what this action symbolized?

Student 2
Student 2

It symbolized self-reliance and Swadeshi!

Teacher
Teacher

Exactly! Swadeshi encouraged people to use Indian goods, particularly Khadi, which represents economic independence.

Student 3
Student 3

Did people also resign from government jobs?

Teacher
Teacher

Yes, the resignation from government positions was a way to show their discontent. It demonstrated a refusal to work for a colonial administration.

Student 4
Student 4

So it was like a complete rejection of British authority?

Teacher
Teacher

Precisely! All these actions were aimed at showcasing a united front against British rule and advocating for the rights of Indians.

Teacher
Teacher

To sum it up, the Non-Cooperation Movement consisted of boycotts, promotion of Khadi, and resignations, all aimed at undermining British authority without resorting to violence.

Suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement

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Teacher
Teacher

Finally, let’s discuss the suspension of the movement. Does anyone know why it was called off?

Student 1
Student 1

Was it because of the Chauri Chaura incident?

Teacher
Teacher

That’s correct! The violent incident at Chauri Chaura, where police were killed, led Gandhi to call off the movement.

Student 2
Student 2

But why did he decide to end it?

Teacher
Teacher

Gandhi believed in non-violence deeply. The violence at Chauri Chaura contradicted the principles of the movement, and he felt it was a sign that the movement was losing its moral ground.

Student 3
Student 3

So, it was more about principles than just stopping the protests?

Teacher
Teacher

Exactly! It was an adherence to non-violence that influenced his decision, showing how committed Gandhi was to peaceful resistance.

Student 4
Student 4

That sounds very principled of him.

Teacher
Teacher

It truly was! In conclusion, the Non-Cooperation Movement was suspended due to the Chauri Chaura incident as Gandhi prioritized non-violent principles over continued resistance.

Introduction & Overview

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Quick Overview

The Non-Cooperation Movement was a significant protest against British rule in India, led by Mahatma Gandhi, focusing on non-violent resistance and promoting self-reliance.

Standard

Initiated by Mahatma Gandhi in response to oppressive British policies such as the Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, the Non-Cooperation Movement aimed at promoting self-reliance through boycotting British goods, government titles, and educational institutions while encouraging Swadeshi and Khadi. The movement eventually faced suspension after the violence of the Chauri Chaura incident.

Detailed

Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–1922)

The Non-Cooperation Movement marked a pivotal phase in India's struggle for independence, led by Mahatma Gandhi from 1920 to 1922. It emerged as a direct response to oppressive British laws and incidents such as the Rowlatt Act (1919), which allowed for arrest without trial, and the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919), which fueled widespread anger against British rule. The movement also sought to address the grievances of the Khilafat Movement, which rallied support for the Ottoman Caliphate.

Key Features:

  1. Causes:
  2. Rowlatt Act: Legalized detentions without trial, igniting public outrage.
  3. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: A brutal massacre that resulted in significant loss of life and encouraged the call for resistance.
  4. Khilafat Movement: Aims to support the Caliph of Turkey, connecting with the Muslim community.
  5. Gandhi's Call: Advocated for a peaceful non-cooperation strategy against colonial rule.
  6. Programmes:
  7. Boycotts of British goods, honors, educational institutions, and legal courts, emphasizing a shift towards self-sufficiency.
  8. Promotion of Swadeshi and Khadi (hand-spun cloth), symbolizing economic independence.
  9. Encouragement of Indians to resign from government jobs as a form of protest.
  10. Suspension of Movement:
  11. The movement was called off in 1922 following the violent Chauri Chaura incident, where protesters clashed with police, resulting in the deaths of policemen.

This movement played a crucial role in galvanizing the Indian populace and instilling a sense of unity and national identity against colonial oppression.

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Audio Book

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Causes of the Non-Cooperation Movement

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Causes

  • Rowlatt Act (1919) – allowed arrest without trial
  • Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919)
  • Khilafat Movement – support for Caliph of Turkey
  • Gandhi’s call for peaceful non-cooperation

Detailed Explanation

The Non-Cooperation Movement arose due to several significant causes:
1. Rowlatt Act (1919): This law permitted the British government to arrest individuals without trial, which angered many Indians who felt their rights were being trampled upon.
2. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919): A horrific incident where British troops killed hundreds of unarmed Indian protesters, further intensifying resentment against colonial rule.
3. Khilafat Movement: This was an effort to support the Ottoman Empire’s Caliph, who was seen as the spiritual leader of Muslims. Indian Muslims, led by prominent leaders, united to seek justice for this cause.
4. Gandhi’s Call for Non-violence: Mahatma Gandhi urged people to engage in non-violent resistance and refuse cooperation with the British government, shaping the movement’s ethical stance.

Examples & Analogies

Imagine a scenario where students in a school feel that their rules have become unfair, similar to a teacher enforcing strict rules without listening to their grievances. They might organize a peaceful protest to express their dissatisfaction. The Non-Cooperation Movement was akin to this, where Indians collectively decided not to cooperate with the British authorities to express their discontent.

Key Programmes of the Movement

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Programmes

  • Boycott of foreign goods, titles, schools, courts
  • Promotion of Swadeshi and Khadi
  • Resignation from government jobs

Detailed Explanation

The movement featured a variety of strategies aimed at weakening British authority:
1. Boycott: Indians were encouraged to boycott foreign goods, British titles, and educational institutions, opting instead to support local products and industries.
2. Swadeshi and Khadi: The promotion of indigenous products, particularly Khadi (homespun cloth), showcased Indian self-reliance and economic independence.
3. Resignation: Many Indians resigned from government positions as a form of protest against the British system, demonstrating their refusal to be part of an unjust administration.

Examples & Analogies

Think of a neighborhood where residents decide to stop buying from a store owned by an unhelpful owner. Instead, they begin supporting local artisans and farmers. This reflects the boycotting strategy where communities rallied for their own economy while rejecting dependence on imports, much like the Indian people during the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Suspension of the Movement

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Suspension

  • Movement called off after the Chauri Chaura incident (1922) where protesters killed policemen

Detailed Explanation

The Non-Cooperation Movement was short-lived and was officially suspended in 1922. The catalyst for this decision was the Chauri Chaura incident, where a group of protesters, enraged by violent clashes, turned on local police and killed them. Gandhi, a staunch advocate for non-violence, viewed this violence as counterproductive and against the principles of peaceful resistance, leading him to call off the movement to prevent further bloodshed.

Examples & Analogies

Consider a peaceful protest that turns violent, causing serious consequences. Just as a leader would be compelled to stop the protest to protect individuals and uphold the spirit of non-violence, Gandhi made a similar choice with the Non-Cooperation Movement, prioritizing the safety and moral guidance of the movement.

Definitions & Key Concepts

Learn essential terms and foundational ideas that form the basis of the topic.

Key Concepts

  • Non-Cooperation Movement: A mass protest led by Gandhi advocating for non-violent resistance to British rule.

  • Civil Disobedience: The act of intentionally disobeying laws to challenge authority.

  • Self-Reliance: The idea of using and depending on India's own resources rather than foreign imports.

Examples & Real-Life Applications

See how the concepts apply in real-world scenarios to understand their practical implications.

Examples

  • Boycott of British textiles led to a resurgence in local handloom industries.

  • Promotion of Khadi became a symbol of national pride and economic independence.

Memory Aids

Use mnemonics, acronyms, or visual cues to help remember key information more easily.

🎵 Rhymes Time

  • In the movement led by Gandhi so grand, / Non-violence and boycotts, we took a stand.

📖 Fascinating Stories

  • Once upon a time in India, people faced great injustice and fear from British rule. Led by Gandhi, they decided to unite and peacefully protest. They boycotted British goods and embraced their own, showing the power of unity in their fight for freedom.

🧠 Other Memory Gems

  • Remember: B.K.R.S. - Boycotts, Khadi, Resignations, Suspension - the key elements of the Non-Cooperation Movement.

🎯 Super Acronyms

GANDHI - **G**o **A**gainst **N**egativity, **D**emanding **H**uman rights **I**ndependently.

Flash Cards

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Glossary of Terms

Review the Definitions for terms.

  • Term: Rowlatt Act

    Definition:

    A legislation passed in 1919 allowing British authorities to arrest individuals without trial, leading to widespread unrest in India.

  • Term: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

    Definition:

    A tragic event in 1919 where British troops killed hundreds of unarmed Indian civilians during a peaceful gathering.

  • Term: Khilafat Movement

    Definition:

    A movement initiated by Indian Muslims in support of the Ottoman Caliphate, which sought to protect the caliphate after World War I.

  • Term: Gandhi's Satyagraha

    Definition:

    A form of non-violent resistance championed by Mahatma Gandhi to oppose injustice and colonial rule.

  • Term: Swadeshi

    Definition:

    An economic strategy focused on promoting Indian goods and self-reliance while boycotting British products.

  • Term: Khadi

    Definition:

    Hand-spun and woven cloth, symbolizing self-reliance and promoted during the Non-Cooperation Movement.

  • Term: Chauri Chaura Incident

    Definition:

    A violent event in 1922 where a group of protesters clashed with police, leading to the suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement.