ICSE Class 9 Environmental Science | 3. How Ecosystems Work by Pavan | Learn Smarter
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3. How Ecosystems Work

3. How Ecosystems Work

Ecosystems are dynamic systems characterized by interactions among living organisms and between them and the physical environment. Energy flows unidirectionally through producers, consumers, and decomposers while nutrients cycle through various biogeochemical processes. Understanding energy flow, trophic levels, food chains, and the impact of human activities is essential for promoting ecosystem stability and conservation.

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Sections

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  1. 3
    How Ecosystems Work

    Ecosystems function through the dynamic interplay of living organisms and...

  2. 3.1
    Introduction

    Ecosystems are dynamic systems that support life through the flow of energy...

  3. 3.2
    Energy Flow In Ecosystems

    The section discusses how energy flows through ecosystems, highlighting the...

  4. 3.3
    Trophic Levels

    Trophic levels describe the hierarchical stages of energy flow in...

  5. 3.4
    Food Chains And Food Webs

    Food chains and food webs illustrate the pathways through which energy flows...

  6. 3.5
    Biogeochemical Cycles

    Biogeochemical cycles are essential processes through which nutrients...

  7. 3.6
    Ecological Succession

    Ecological succession is a natural process of gradual change in the types of...

  8. 3.7
    Ecosystem Stability And Equilibrium

    Ecosystem stability and equilibrium refer to the ability of ecosystems to...

  9. 3.8
    Human Impact On Ecosystem Functions

    This section examines the various ways human activities adversely affect...

  10. 3.9
    Conservation And Sustainable Practices

    This section discusses the importance of conservation and sustainable...

What we have learnt

  • Ecosystems function through energy flow and nutrient cycling.
  • Trophic levels illustrate the hierarchical structure of feeding relationships.
  • Human activities significantly impact ecosystem stability and biodiversity.

Key Concepts

-- Energy Flow
The transfer of energy from the sun to producers and then through various consumers and decomposers in an ecosystem.
-- Trophic Levels
The hierarchical levels in an ecosystem that categorize organisms based on their feeding relationships.
-- Biogeochemical Cycles
Natural cycles in which nutrients and other elements move through the environment and living organisms.
-- Ecological Succession
The gradual process of change in species composition of an ecosystem over time.
-- Ecosystem Stability
The ability of an ecosystem to maintain balance and recover from disturbances.
-- Conservation
Practices aimed at protecting ecosystems and promoting sustainable use of resources.

Additional Learning Materials

Supplementary resources to enhance your learning experience.