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Interactive Audio Lesson
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Principles of Building Planning
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Today we are going to discuss the principles of building planning. Can anyone tell me what we should consider when planning a building?
Is it about how the different rooms are arranged?
Yes, that's correct! The layout is crucial. We also need to think about the functional requirements, the shape of the plot, and the neighborhood. Does anyone remember the acronym for the factors that govern building planning?
Is it 'FLIPSEGE' for functions, layout, privacy, sanitation, elegance, etc.?
Great memory! That's a nice mnemonic that can help us remember those factors. Who can name one more principle?
Economic considerations?
Exactly! Economy is a vital factor. In planning, we want to ensure the building is not just practical but also cost-effective. To summarize: when planning buildings, we consider functional requirements, relationships of spaces, the surrounding context, and economic factors.
Classifications of Buildings
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Let’s move on to building classifications. Who can tell me the different groups listed in the National Building Code of India?
There are residential buildings and educational buildings, right?
Exactly! We have various categories, including Assembly, Institutional, and Industrial buildings as well. Why do you think it's important to categorize these buildings?
So that they meet specific regulations for safety and functionality?
Exactly! Each type has tailored regulations to ensure safety standards are met. Let's briefly discuss the classification of multi-storey buildings next.
Multi-Storey Building Classifications
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Now that we’ve discussed building types, can anyone name the classifications of multi-storey buildings?
Low rise, mid rise, and high rise?
Great answers! Can you tell me the height ranges for each category?
Low rise is under four stories, mid rise is 4 to 12 stories, and high rise is 12 to 40!
Well done! And what about skyscrapers or super tall buildings?
Skyscrapers are over 40 stories, and super tall buildings exceed 300 meters!
Exactly! The classification based on height affects construction methods, safety regulations, and even environmental impact. Let's summarize what we’ve learned today.
Introduction & Overview
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Quick Overview
Standard
In this section, we explore the fundamental principles of building planning, the different classifications of buildings, and regulations such as the National Building Code of India that dictate how buildings should be structured based on their intended use and location.
Detailed
Detailed Summary
In this section on 'Building Types', various principles governing the planning of buildings are outlined, highlighting their functional requirements, component relationships, and environmental considerations. Key factors include the shape of the plot, climatic conditions, and the surrounding neighborhood. The National Building Code of India categorizes buildings into groups such as residential, educational, institutional, and more, each with specific regulations.
Additionally, multi-storey buildings are classified into categories such as low rise, mid rise, and skyscraper depending on their height. Furthermore, specific regulations regarding plot sizes, building frontages, open spaces, and floor area ratios are specified to ensure safety, functionality, and aesthetics in urban development.
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Classification of Buildings by Function
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• Group A : Residential Buildings
• Group B : Educational Buildings
• Group C : Institutional Buildings
• Group D : Assembly Buildings
• Group E : Business Buildings
• Group F : Mercantile Buildings
• Group G : Industrial Buildings
• Group H : Storage Buildings
• Group I : Hazardous Buildings
Detailed Explanation
Buildings are categorized into different groups based on their primary functions. Each type serves a specific purpose within the community:
- Residential Buildings are where people live, like houses and apartments.
- Educational Buildings include schools and universities, designed to facilitate learning.
- Institutional Buildings might be governmental structures or organizations that serve public interests.
- Assembly Buildings are places for gatherings, such as theaters or auditoriums, where people come together.
- Business Buildings are used for office spaces and companies.
- Mercantile Buildings are for retail and shopping purposes, like stores and malls.
- Industrial Buildings refer to factories and warehouses where goods are produced and stored.
- Storage Buildings are specifically designed for storing goods, equipment, or materials.
- Hazardous Buildings are those that pose a risk due to the nature of their contents or operations, often needing special safety measures.
Examples & Analogies
Think of a city as a large toolbox, where each type of building is a specific tool designed for a different task. Just like you wouldn’t use a hammer to unscrew a bolt, each building serves its unique function in the community, which contributes to the overall efficiency and quality of life in the area.
Classification of Multi-Storey Buildings
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Depending on the height, need and various other factors, multi storey buildings are classified into following.
1. Low Rise building: A low rise multi storey building has few storeys (typically less than four), with the usage of elevators and stairs for vertical circulation.
2. Mid Rise building: A Mid Rise building has number of storeys ranging from 4 to 12.
3. High Rise building: A High Rise building has number of storeys ranging from 12 to 40, with usage of lifts and stairs.
4. Skyscraper building: A tall and habitable steel building having storeys more than 40 but height less than 300m is considered as Sky Scrapper Multi storey building.
5. Super tall building: Super tall building is the steel building with its height exceeding 300m are Super tall Multi storey building.
6. Mega tall building: Super tall building is the steel building with its height exceeding 600m are Super tall Multi storey building.
Detailed Explanation
Multi-storey buildings are classified by their heights and architectural features:
1. Low Rise Buildings: These buildings typically have fewer than four stories. They can be found in neighborhoods and often rely on stairs and elevators for accessing upper levels.
2. Mid Rise Buildings: Standing between 4 to 12 stories high, mid-rise buildings often cater to urban housing or office spaces.
3. High Rise Buildings: These are taller structures that range from 12 to 40 stories and usually have multiple elevators for easy access to higher floors.
4. Skyscrapers: These iconic buildings exceed 40 stories and are often made from steel and glass, contributing significantly to a city's skyline, but their height does not exceed 300 meters.
5. Super Tall Buildings: These structures exceed 300 meters in height and are often used for commercial, residential, or mixed purposes, towering over lower buildings in the landscape.
6. Mega Tall Buildings: The tallest of all, these buildings exceed 600 meters and often become landmarks in their own right, showcasing remarkable engineering and architectural feats.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine a library categorized by the number of bookshelves. A small, cozy library with a few shelves represents low-rise buildings. A medium sized library with several more shelves represents mid-rise buildings, while a large, towering library with many floors and numerous bookshelves symbolizes skyscrapers and above. Each category serves to organize the library's structure, much like different building types serve various urban needs.
Minimum Plot Size and Building Frontage
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Different types of residential Building, plot size and their frontages
Types of Residential Plot size in m2 Frontage in m
Building
• Detached Building Above 250 Above 12
• Semi Detached Building 125-250 8-12
• Row type Building 50-125 4.5-8
Note: Minimum frontage on any street 6m, for row housing it may be 5.5m
Detailed Explanation
The size of the land plot and the width of the street facing the building are important factors in residential planning. Here’s how they are categorized:
- Detached Buildings require a plot size of more than 250 square meters and must have a frontage of more than 12 meters, offering space for gardens and drives.
- Semi-Detached Buildings need a plot size between 125 to 250 square meters with a frontage of 8 to 12 meters, which allows for closer quarter living with shared walls.
- Row Type Buildings have smaller plots, requiring around 50 to 125 square meters and a frontage of 4.5 to 8 meters, which are typically built in connected rows.
The minimum frontage for any street is set at 6 meters, helping ensure sufficient access and visibility, while row housing may have a slightly smaller requirement at 5.5 meters.
Examples & Analogies
Consider a neighborhood layout similar to a puzzle. The different plot sizes fit together like puzzle pieces; a detached home is a larger piece, creating a larger empty space, while semi-detached and row houses are smaller pieces that snugly fit next to each other, creating a cohesive and functional residential area.
Building Open Spaces and Regulations
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Minimum Front open space to be provided
Width of street in front of plot in m Front open space minimum in m
• Up to 7.5m 1.5
• 7.5 to 18 3.0
• 18 to30 4.5
• Above 30 6.0
Permissible Plinth Area (Covered area) in Residential Plots
Area of Plot Max. Permissible covered area
< 200 m2 66.66% of plot area
201 to 500 m2 50% of the plot area
501 to 1000 m2 40% of the plot area
1000 m2 33.33% of the plot area
Minimum Rear open space to be provided (up to 10m height): Average width = 3m but not less than 1.8m
Minimum side open space to be provided (up to 10m height):
- Detached building: 3m on both sides
- Semi-detached building: 3m on one side only
Detailed Explanation
Open space regulations ensure that buildings are not overcrowded and maintain a healthy environment. Here’s how they are structured:
- The front open space needed varies with the width of the street in front of the property. For example, a small road (up to 7.5 meters wide) would require a minimum of 1.5 meters of front open space, while wider roads require more space, emphasizing safety and aesthetics.
- The permissible plinth area is the maximum area that can be covered by the building on the plot, which is defined as a percentage of the plot size. For instance, on plots smaller than 200 square meters, the building can cover up to 66.66% of the area, while larger plots have diminishing coverage percentages to preserve open space.
- For rear and side spaces, there are specific regulations to ensure buildings don’t crowd each other. Detached buildings require 3 meters on both sides, while semi-detached buildings only need 3 meters on one side. These spaces are crucial for air circulation and access for maintenance.
Examples & Analogies
Think of open spaces around buildings like breathing room around a person. Just as people need space to breathe and move comfortably, buildings also need room to ensure safety, aesthetics, and access for fire services or maintenance. If everyone in a building is crammed together, it might feel suffocating, just like a crowd can feel overwhelming.
Understanding Floor Area Ratio (FAR)
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Floor Area Ratio:
• Floor area ratio (FAR) = Total covered area of all floors / plot area
• FAR : 1 to 2 depending on type of construction
• Maximum building height = (1.5 x width of abutting road) + front open space
Detailed Explanation
The Floor Area Ratio (FAR) is an essential measurement in building planning. Here’s a breakdown:
- FAR Calculation: This ratio is calculated by dividing the total covered area of all floors by the land plot area. A higher FAR means more building area compared to land size, allowing for denser construction.
- Typical FAR Values: The FAR can range from 1 to 2, varying based on the type of construction. A FAR of 2 means that for every square meter of land, there can be two square meters of building area.
- Building Height Regulation: The maximum height of a building is influenced by the width of the road next to it. Specifically, it can’t exceed 1.5 times the width of the road plus the front open space, ensuring that no building overpowers its surroundings.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine a cake being baked in a pan. If you have a small pan, you can only bake a thin layer (low FAR). But if you use a big pan, you can stack multiple layers of cake (high FAR). Just like this, FAR determines how tall and expansive a building can be in relation to the plot of land it occupies.
Definitions & Key Concepts
Learn essential terms and foundational ideas that form the basis of the topic.
Key Concepts
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Functional Requirements: The needs a building must fulfill based on its intended use.
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National Building Code: A set of guidelines that dictate building standards in India.
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Building Classifications: Categories of buildings based on their use and height.
Examples & Real-Life Applications
See how the concepts apply in real-world scenarios to understand their practical implications.
Examples
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Example of a low-rise building could be a bungalow with ground and one upper floor.
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Example of a mid-rise building could be an office block with 6 stories.
Memory Aids
Use mnemonics, acronyms, or visual cues to help remember key information more easily.
🎵 Rhymes Time
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When planning a build, do not stray, remember the laws, they'll guide your way.
📖 Fascinating Stories
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Imagine a city planner weaving through streets, confirming that every building stays safe and neat, following codes and laws, never to cheat.
🧠 Other Memory Gems
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FLIPSEGE helps us recall: Function, Layout, Identity, Privacy, Sanitation, Economy, and Grouping.
🎯 Super Acronyms
Buildings have a FAR to consider, fitting layers together, design's a winner!
Flash Cards
Review key concepts with flashcards.
Glossary of Terms
Review the Definitions for terms.
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Term: Building Bye Laws
Definition:
Regulations governing the design and construction of buildings, ensuring adherence to safety, zoning, and aesthetic requirements.
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Term: Floor Area Ratio (FAR)
Definition:
The ratio of a building's total floor area to the area of the lot on which it is located.
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Term: MultiStorey Building
Definition:
A building with multiple levels, categorized based on the number of stories or height.