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4.5 - Major Psychological Disorders

Interactive Audio Lesson

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Understanding Abnormal Behavior

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Teacher
Teacher

Today we are going to dive into what abnormal behavior means. In psychology, we often use the four D's: deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger to help classify behaviors. Can anyone tell me what 'deviance' might imply?

Student 1
Student 1

Does it mean behavior that is different from what society expects or considers normal?

Teacher
Teacher

Exactly! Deviance refers to behavior that strays from societal norms. Now what about 'distress'?

Student 2
Student 2

I think it's related to how much a behavior upsets the person experiencing it?

Teacher
Teacher

Right again! When we talk about distress, we’re focusing on the emotional pain or suffering that the individual feels. It's essential since not all deviant behavior is distressful. Let's recap the four D's now. Can someone summarize them for me?

Student 3
Student 3

Sure! Deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger are the four D's used to understand abnormal behavior.

Teacher
Teacher

Perfect! These concepts lay the foundation for our further discussions on psychological disorders.

Classification of Disorders

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Teacher
Teacher

Next, we need to classify psychological disorders. What manuals do we use for this purpose?

Student 4
Student 4

Is it the DSM-5 and ICD-10?

Teacher
Teacher

Correct! The DSM-5 is published by the American Psychiatric Association, while the ICD-10 comes from the World Health Organization. What benefits do you think these classifications provide?

Student 1
Student 1

They help in diagnosing disorders by providing specific criteria.

Teacher
Teacher

Exactly! They offer a standard language and criteria that helps researchers and clinicians communicate effectively. Can anyone explain how this might be important in treatment?

Student 2
Student 2

I guess it ensures that patients get consistent care and helps in understanding their conditions better?

Teacher
Teacher

Spot on! Consistency in classification enhances treatment outcomes. Let’s summarize what we covered: DSM-5, ICD-10, and their importance for proper diagnosis.

Overview of Major Psychological Disorders

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Teacher
Teacher

Now let’s dive into different categories of psychological disorders. Who can name some types we discussed?

Student 3
Student 3

Anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, and substance-related disorders!

Teacher
Teacher

Great list! Anxiety disorders, like panic and generalized anxiety disorder, are common. Can anyone give an example of how anxiety affects someone’s daily life?

Student 4
Student 4

I’ve seen someone become really afraid of speaking in public, which kept them from getting a promotion.

Teacher
Teacher

Exactly! Anxiety can impact not just behavior but also opportunities. Now let’s talk about mood disorders. What are typical symptoms?

Student 1
Student 1

Symptoms include prolonged sadness and loss of interest, right?

Teacher
Teacher

Correct! Major depressive disorder is a key area to explore. Let’s summarize the key points we discussed today.

Underlying Factors of Psychological Disorders

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Teacher
Teacher

So far, we’ve looked at disorders themselves, but what causes them? Can anyone list the different underlying factors?

Student 3
Student 3

Biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors!

Teacher
Teacher

Strong! Let’s look deeper into each. Biological factors include genetics. How about psychological factors?

Student 2
Student 2

Cognitive patterns and early childhood experiences!

Teacher
Teacher

Exactly! And socio-cultural factors can include things like family dynamics and societal pressures. How do you think these dimensions interact?

Student 4
Student 4

They probably combine to predict how a disorder will manifest in someone.

Teacher
Teacher

Well put! Their interaction is crucial in the diathesis-stress model. Let’s wrap up with a summary of our discussion today.

Introduction & Overview

Read a summary of the section's main ideas. Choose from Basic, Medium, or Detailed.

Quick Overview

This section covers the major psychological disorders, including their symptoms, underlying causes, and classifications.

Standard

The section explains various psychological disorders, emphasizing their definitions, classifications, and contributing factors including the biological, psychological, and socio-cultural models. Each type of disorder, from anxiety disorders to schizophrenia, is discussed with illustrative examples.

Detailed

Major Psychological Disorders

This section provides an overview of significant psychological disorders that affect individuals. It discusses the definitions of abnormal behavior, particularly focusing on the four D's: deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger. It elaborates on the classification of these disorders through the DSM-5 and ICD-10 systems, which aid in diagnosis and understanding. Key concepts include various models explaining abnormal behavior: the biological, psychological, and socio-cultural models, as well as the diathesis-stress model, which accounts for genetic predispositions and environmental triggers.

The section systematically reviews the major types of psychological disorders, including:
1. Anxiety Disorders - characterized by excessive fear or anxiety, including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and phobias.
2. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders - marked by obsessions (intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors).
3. Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders - such as PTSD, arising from traumatic experiences.
4. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders - where psychological distress manifests as physical symptoms.
5. Dissociative Disorders - involving disruptions in consciousness or identity.
6. Depressive Disorders - encompassing major depression and its symptoms.
7. Bipolar and Related Disorders - involving mood swings between mania and depression.
8. Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders - indicating severe mental impairment and disconnection from reality.
9. Neurodevelopmental Disorders - seen early in development, affecting personal and social functioning.
10. Disruptive and Conduct Disorders - highlighting behavior problems in children.
11. Feeding and Eating Disorders - such as anorexia and bulimia.
12. Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders - concerning impairment due to substance use.

Each type of disorder offers insight into the symptoms individuals experience, contributing factors, and potential treatments, thereby enhancing our understanding of human behavior. The importance of recognizing symptoms and seeking help is a recurrent theme throughout the content, emphasizing that psychological disorders should be treated with the same seriousness as physical ailments.

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Audio Book

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Anxiety Disorders

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Anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive fear or anxiety that interferes with daily functioning. The symptoms can include rapid heartbeat, sweating, dizziness, and a feeling of impending doom. Specific types of anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, and separation anxiety disorder.

Detailed Explanation

Anxiety disorders manifest through excessive worry or nervousness that can disrupt a person's ability to function normally in life. For example, a person with generalized anxiety disorder might feel a constant, vague sense of fear without a direct cause, leading to physical symptoms like a racing heart or sweating. Panic disorder involves sudden, intense episodes of fear known as panic attacks, such as feeling like one might die or go crazy during these episodes. Phobias are irrational fears about specific objects or situations, while separation anxiety disorder is characterized by extreme distress when anticipating or experiencing separation from significant attachment figures, such as parents.

Examples & Analogies

Imagine you are about to give a speech in front of a large audience. Feeling nervous is normal, and it can even motivate you to prepare better. However, for someone with an anxiety disorder, the fear can become overwhelming, making them unable to speak or even causing physical symptoms like shortness of breath. It’s like a typical rollercoaster ride; for most, it brings excitement, but for someone with extreme anxiety, it feels like the ride is about to crash at every twist and turn.

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) involves persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) that cause anxiety, leading to repetitive behaviors (compulsions) aimed at reducing that anxiety. Other disorders in this category include hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), and excoriation (skin-picking disorder).

Detailed Explanation

In OCD, individuals experience constant and involuntary thoughts that provoke anxiety. To alleviate that anxiety, they engage in repetitive behaviors or rituals, like washing hands multiple times or checking to see if a door is locked several times. The compulsive behaviors provide only temporary relief from the obsessions, creating a cycle of anxiety and compulsive action. Hoarding disorder is characterized by an excessive accumulation of items, while trichotillomania and excoriation center around behaviors that can physically harm oneself.

Examples & Analogies

Consider a person who washes their hands excessively because they fear germs. Initially, this habit might seem harmless, but over time it becomes compulsive, affecting their ability to leave the house. It’s similar to feeling compelled to check if you turned off the stove several times; the act becomes a necessity to feel secure but can control your daily routines.

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

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These disorders occur after a traumatic or stressful event. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is one significant trauma-related disorder characterized by intrusive memories, flashbacks, and emotional numbness. Adjustment disorders are also part of this category, representing an individual's inability to cope with life changes.

Detailed Explanation

Individuals with PTSD might relive traumatic experiences through flashbacks or nightmares. They may avoid reminders of the trauma and experience heightened arousal, leading to anxiety and irritability. Adjustment disorders arise when a person has difficulty adjusting to stressors such as divorce or job loss, leading to anxiety or depression. The key is that these disorders directly stem from difficult life events that overwhelm a person's coping mechanisms.

Examples & Analogies

Imagine serving in a combat situation; the trauma from such experiences can cause elements of PTSD later in life, like jumping at loud noises or feeling detached. It’s akin to a rubber band: once very stretched (trauma), it may snap back unpredictably and affect your daily life long after the incident has ended.

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

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These disorders involve physical symptoms that do not have a medical basis, but cause significant distress and impairment. Somatic symptom disorder features excessive focus on physical symptoms, while illness anxiety disorder reflects anxiety about having a severe illness despite little or no evidence.

Detailed Explanation

Individuals with somatic symptom disorder experience persistent physical symptoms like pain or fatigue, causing substantial emotional distress. This occurs even when medical evaluations conclude that there are no underlying health issues. Illness anxiety disorder involves worrying excessively about serious health conditions, leading individuals to misinterpret benign symptoms as indicative of severe illness. Such worry can lead to significant lifestyle disruptions.

Examples & Analogies

Think of it like consistently feeling tired but the doctor finds nothing physically wrong. The fatigue feels very real, leading to anxiety over one's health. It’s like being afraid of a storm when the sky is clear—your mind perceives a threat where none exists, leading you to act as if there’s danger when there’s none.

Dissociative Disorders

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Dissociative disorders are characterized by a disconnection between thoughts, identity, consciousness, and memory. Key types include dissociative amnesia (inability to recall personal information) and dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder).

Detailed Explanation

Dissociative amnesia involves the loss of memory for personal information, often following a traumatic event, where individuals may forget entire periods of their life. Dissociative identity disorder includes the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states within a single individual, which may emerge in response to trauma or stress. These identities can have distinct memories, behaviors, and ways of perceiving the world.

Examples & Analogies

Imagine being unable to recall your name or significant events in your life; that's akin to dissociative amnesia. It’s like a movie reel missing several scenes; parts of your story are forgotten. Dissociative identity disorder can be compared to a single book having several chapters written by different authors; each chapter represents a different identity with its voice and narrative.

Depressive Disorders

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Depressive disorders encompass a range of conditions marked by persistent sadness, loss of interest, and various cognitive and physical impairments. Major depressive disorder leads to issues like changes in sleep, appetite, and energy levels.

Detailed Explanation

Individuals with major depressive disorder often experience profound feelings of sadness and hopelessness, which affect their ability to function daily. Alongside emotional symptoms, physical effects like fatigue, changes in weight, and sleep disturbances are common. Constant negative thinking, feelings of worthlessness, or even thoughts of death or suicide can accompany this disorder. It's crucial to recognize that depression affects both mind and body.

Examples & Analogies

Consider experiencing a severe winter when the sun barely shines as it parallels how depression can dim one's perspective on life; just as prolonged darkness can chill the spirit, depression can cloud thoughts and prevent someone from enjoying activities they once loved.

Bipolar and Related Disorders

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Bipolar disorder is characterized by extreme mood swings that range from manic highs to depressive lows. The manic phase includes elevated mood, increased energy, and impulsive behavior, while the depressive phase features sadness and lethargy.

Detailed Explanation

In bipolar disorder, individuals cycle between periods of mania and depression. During manic episodes, they may feel invincible, engage in reckless behavior, or demonstrate high levels of energy and creativity. In contrast, depressive episodes leave them feeling hopeless, fatigued, and uninterested in life. The intensity of these mood swings can vary and impact daily functioning, social relationships, and overall quality of life.

Examples & Analogies

It’s like riding a rollercoaster; some moments you’re soaring high and thrill-seeking (mania), while other times you're just crawling down slowly with a heavy heart (depression). The ups and downs can be thrilling, yet exhausting, and if one cannot manage the ride, it can lead to distressing outcomes.

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

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Schizophrenia is characterized by distorted thinking, perception, emotions, and behavior. Symptoms can be positive (such as hallucinations and delusions) or negative (like lack of motivation and flat affect).

Detailed Explanation

In schizophrenia, individuals may experience hallucinations—perceiving things that are not present, commonly auditory—like hearing voices. Delusions involve strong beliefs that contradict reality, such as thinking others are plotting against them. On the other hand, negative symptoms reflect the absence of normal emotional responses or motivation, leading to withdrawal from social interactions and activities. Recognizing schizophrenia requires a comprehensive understanding of its complex symptoms and their impact on functioning.

Examples & Analogies

Imagine watching a movie where the main character hears voices directing their actions; for them, the experience is all-consuming and terrifying, akin to someone living with schizophrenia. It shows how reality can falter and how their experience diverges from what's accepted as 'normal'.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

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Neurodevelopmental disorders manifest early in development and can impact social, academic, and occupational functioning. Examples include Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).

Detailed Explanation

Neurodevelopmental disorders impact a child's development, impairing their ability to interact socially and excel academically. ADHD is marked by inattention and hyperactivity, making it challenging to complete tasks and control impulses. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) involves difficulties in social communication and may include repetitive behaviors. Understanding these disorders requires recognizing their long-term impact on a child's life and the importance of early intervention.

Examples & Analogies

Picture a classroom where a child constantly shifts in their seat (ADHD) while another child is fixated solely on lining their crayons (ASD). Both are navigating their worlds differently, highlighting how their brain's development leads to unique challenges requiring tailored support.

Feeding and Eating Disorders

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Feeding and eating disorders encompass conditions like anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. These disorders involve severe disturbances in eating behavior and can lead to significant health issues.

Detailed Explanation

Feeding and eating disorders involve intense preoccupations with food, body image, and weight management. Anorexia involves extreme calorie restriction, where individuals see themselves as overweight despite significant weight loss. Bulimia involves cycles of binge eating followed by purging, while binge eating disorder focuses on recurring episodes of eating large quantities of food without purging. These disorders often stem from underlying psychological issues around self-esteem and control.

Examples & Analogies

Consider someone constantly dieting, feeling as though they aren't 'thin enough' despite looking healthy. Picture them as being stuck in a funhouse mirror, seeing a distorted image that doesn't reflect reality—it illustrates the struggle many face with body image disparities.

Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

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Substance-related and addictive disorders include problems associated with the use and abuse of substances like alcohol, tobacco, and drugs. These disorders significantly impair one’s social, occupational, and personal functioning.

Detailed Explanation

Individuals suffering from substance-related disorders may develop a dependence on drugs or alcohol, where they use substances to cope with stress or to feel pleasure. They may experience withdrawal symptoms and a strong compulsion to seek and consume the substance despite adverse consequences affecting their life. Thus, these disorders can lead to devastating impacts on personal relationships, career choices, and overall health.

Examples & Analogies

Imagine a character in a film whose life spirals out of control due to addiction—they lose jobs, friendships, and ultimately their sense of self. It’s like a snowball rolling downhill; the longer it rolls, the larger it becomes, symbolizing how addiction can escalate until it feels impossible to manage.

Definitions & Key Concepts

Learn essential terms and foundational ideas that form the basis of the topic.

Key Concepts

  • Deviance: Behavior that strays from societal norms.

  • Distress: Emotional pain experienced by individuals.

  • Dysfunction: Interference with daily functioning.

  • Danger: Potential harm to self or others.

  • Classification: Using systems like DSM-5 and ICD-10 for diagnosis.

  • Underlying Factors: Biological, psychological, and socio-cultural influences.

  • Different Types of Disorders: Categories including anxiety, mood, psychotic, etc.

Examples & Real-Life Applications

See how the concepts apply in real-world scenarios to understand their practical implications.

Examples

  • A student experiences panic attacks before exams, leading to avoidance of school.

  • An individual displays obsessive-compulsive behavior, repeatedly checking locks.

  • A child develops social anxiety, avoiding gatherings and struggling to make friends.

Memory Aids

Use mnemonics, acronyms, or visual cues to help remember key information more easily.

🎵 Rhymes Time

  • Four D's of abnormality, let’s review, deviance, distress, dysfunction too, danger's the last, so don’t you forget, these are the rocks we’ll never regret.

📖 Fascinating Stories

  • Imagine a group of friends at a party. One is overly worried about how others see him (distress), another is silent about his odd beliefs (deviance), and the third can't join in games because she feels anxious (dysfunction). Together, they mirror the four D's of behavior.

🧠 Other Memory Gems

  • Remember D's - DDDN: Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, Danger.

🎯 Super Acronyms

D.D.D.N = Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, and Danger for understanding abnormal behavior.

Flash Cards

Review key concepts with flashcards.

Glossary of Terms

Review the Definitions for terms.

  • Term: Abnormal Psychology

    Definition:

    The branch of psychology that deals with abnormal behavior and psychopathology.

  • Term: DSM5

    Definition:

    The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition used for classifying and diagnosing mental disorders.

  • Term: Anxiety Disorders

    Definition:

    A group of disorders characterized by excessive fear or anxiety.

  • Term: Mood Disorders

    Definition:

    Psychological disorders characterized by the elevation or lowering of a person's mood.

  • Term: Schizophrenia

    Definition:

    A severe psychological disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves.

  • Term: Biological Factors

    Definition:

    Genetic, neurobiological, and physiological processes that influence behavior.

  • Term: SocioCultural Factors

    Definition:

    Influences from societal norms, culture, and family on an individual’s behavior and experiences.