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7. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Alcohols, phenols, and ethers are classified based on the number of hydroxyl groups and the hybridization of carbon atoms to which they are attached. The chapter discusses their nomenclature, preparation methods, and key reactions, emphasizing their physical and chemical properties, as well as their application in daily life. Additionally, it covers the acidic nature of these compounds and how they participate in various organic reactions.

Sections

  • 7

    Alcohols, Phenols And Ethers

    This section covers the nomenclature, classification, preparation, properties, and reactions of alcohols, phenols, and ethers.

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  • 7.1

    Classification

    Compounds are systematically classified into alcohols, phenols, and ethers, simplifying their study.

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  • 7.1.1

    Alcohols— Mono, Di, Tri Or Polyhydric Alcohols

    The section discusses the classification, properties, preparation, and reactions of alcohols, phenols, and ethers.

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  • 7.1.2

    Phenols— Mono, Di And Trihydric Phenols

    This section covers the classification, preparation, properties, and reactions of phenols, alcohols, and ethers.

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  • 7.1.3

    Ethers

    This section discusses ethers, describing their nomenclature, physical properties, and key reactions involved in their preparation and reactivity.

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  • 7.2

    Nomenclature

    This section covers the IUPAC nomenclature for alcohols, phenols, and ethers, along with their classification and various chemical properties.

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  • 7.2.1

    Alcohols

    This section introduces the naming conventions for alcohols, including both common and IUPAC names, and outlines their structural features.

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  • 7.2.2

    Phenols

    This section discusses the chemical properties, preparation methods, and significance of phenols in organic chemistry.

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  • 7.2.3

    Ethers

    This section discusses the nomenclature of ethers, focusing on their common and IUPAC names derived from alkyl and aryl groups.

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  • 7.3

    Structures Of Functional Groups

    This section covers the nomenclature, classification, and reactions of alcohols, phenols, and ethers, emphasizing their importance in chemistry and everyday applications.

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  • 7.4

    Alcohols And Phenols

    This section discusses the various methods of preparing alcohols, including hydration of alkenes, reduction of carbonyl compounds, and reactions involving Grignard reagents.

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  • 7.4.1

    Preparation Of Alcohols

    This section covers the preparation of alcohols, phenols, and ethers, focusing on their formation through various chemical reactions and the significance of their nomenclature.

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  • 7.4.1.1

    From Alkenes

    This section discusses the preparation of alcohols from alkenes, detailing methods like acid-catalyzed hydration and hydroboration-oxidation.

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  • 7.4.1.2

    From Carbonyl Compounds

    This section covers the preparation of alcohols from various carbonyl compounds, including aldehydes and ketones, highlighting the key reduction methods.

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  • 7.4.1.3

    From Grignard Reagents

    This section discusses the production of alcohols from Grignard reagents through nucleophilic addition to carbonyl compounds.

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  • 7.4.2

    Preparation Of Phenols

    Phenols can be prepared from various chemical precursors through several industrial and laboratory methods.

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  • 7.4.2.1

    From Haloarenes

    This section discusses the preparation of phenols from haloarenes and other sources, emphasizing the chemical reactions and significance of phenols in various applications.

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  • 7.4.2.2

    From Benzenesulphonic Acid

    This section discusses the preparation of phenols from benzenesulphonic acid and other methods, highlighting the significance of such compounds in various industrial applications.

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  • 7.4.2.3

    From Diazonium Salts

    This section discusses the preparation of phenols from diazonium salts and other methods.

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  • 7.4.2.4

    From Cumene

    This section discusses the conversion of cumene into phenol, highlighting the industrial method of phenol production.

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  • 7.4.3

    Physical Properties

    This section covers the physical properties of alcohols, phenols, and ethers, including their boiling points, solubility, and the influence of molecular structure on these properties.

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  • 7.4.4

    Chemical Reactions

    This section explores the chemistry of alcohols, phenols, and ethers, focusing on their nomenclature, methods of preparation, and reactions.

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  • 7.4.4.1

    Reactions Involving Cleavage Of O–h Bond

    This section covers the cleavage of O–H bonds in reactions involving alcohols, phenols, and ethers, detailing various classifications, preparation methods, and chemical reactions.

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  • 7.4.4.1.1

    Acidity Of Alcohols And Phenols

    This section discusses the acidity of alcohols and phenols, comparing their acidic strength and reactions with metals and bases.

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  • 7.4.4.1.2

    Esterification

    Esterification is the reaction between alcohols or phenols and carboxylic acids, resulting in the formation of esters.

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  • 7.4.4.2

    Reactions Involving Cleavage Of Carbon – Oxygen (C–o) Bond In Alcohols

    This section focuses on the mechanisms and significance of reactions involving the cleavage of carbon-oxygen bonds in alcohols, phenols, and ethers.

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  • 7.4.4.2.1

    Reaction With Hydrogen Halides

    This section discusses the reactions of alcohols with hydrogen halides to form alkyl halides, showcasing differences in reactivity based on alcohol classification.

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  • 7.4.4.2.2

    Reaction With Phosphorus Trihalides

    This section discusses the conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides through reaction with phosphorus trihalides, highlighting the chemical mechanisms involved.

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  • 7.4.4.2.3

    Dehydration

    This section covers the process of dehydration reactions in alcohols and their significance in organic chemistry.

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  • 7.4.4.2.4

    Oxidation

    Oxidation of alcohols involves the transformation into carbon-oxygen double bonds, leading to various products depending on the type of alcohol and oxidizing agents used.

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  • 7.4.4.3

    Reactions Of Phenols

    This section discusses the reactions of phenols, emphasizing their acidity, behavior as nucleophiles and electrophiles, and the specific reactions they undergo with various reagents.

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  • 7.4.4.3.1

    Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution

    Electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) is a key reaction type in organic chemistry involving the substitution of hydrogen atoms on aromatic rings by electrophiles, facilitated by activating groups like -OH.

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  • 7.4.4.3.2

    Kolbe’s Reaction

    Kolbe's reaction is an important process where the phenoxide ion reacts with carbon dioxide to produce ortho hydroxybenzoic acid.

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  • 7.4.4.3.3

    Reimer-Tiemann Reaction

    The Reimer-Tiemann reaction involves the formation of salicylaldehyde from phenol using chloroform and sodium hydroxide.

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  • 7.4.4.3.4

    Reaction Of Phenol With Zinc Dust

    This section discusses the conversion of phenol to benzene when phenol is heated with zinc dust, representing a reduction reaction.

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  • 7.4.4.3.5

    Oxidation

    Oxidation of phenol with chromic acid results in benzoquinone, while air exposure leads to dark mixtures of quinones.

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  • 7.5

    Some Commercially Important Alcohols

    This section discusses the significance of alcohols, phenols, and ethers in various industries, highlighting their major applications and chemical properties.

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  • 7.5.1

    Methanol

    This section provides an overview of methanol, its classification, preparation, properties, and reactions.

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  • 7.5.2

    Ethanol

    Ethanol, a common alcohol, has various applications and preparation methods that tie into its chemical properties and classifications.

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  • 7.6

    Ethers

    Ethers are a class of organic compounds characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups and are significant for their unique chemical properties and synthesis methods.

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  • 7.6.1

    Preparation Of Ethers

    This section details the preparation methods for ethers, alcohols, and phenols, including their classification, naming, and reactions.

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  • 7.6.2

    Physical Properties

    This section details the physical properties of ethers, including their boiling points, solubility in water, and how these characteristics are influenced by their molecular structure.

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  • 7.6.3

    Chemical Reactions

    This section discusses the chemical reactions of ethers, specifically their cleavage and electrophilic substitution behaviors.

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  • 7.7

    Exercises

    This section includes exercises to aid in understanding alcohols, phenols, and ethers, covering their preparation, properties, and classifications.

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References

NCERT Study Material

Class Notes

Memorization

What we have learnt

  • Alcohols, phenols, and ethe...
  • The IUPAC naming system is ...
  • Alcohols are more acidic th...

Final Test

Revision Tests

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