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Interactive Audio Lesson
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Introduction to the Pressure and Release Model
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Today, we will discuss the Pressure and Release Model. This framework helps us understand how underlying root causes and dynamic pressures contribute to disaster risks.
What do you mean by root causes?
Root causes are factors like poverty, inequality, and lack of access to resources that ultimately make communities more vulnerable to disasters.
And dynamic pressures?
Dynamic pressures are the intermediate factors like urbanization and deforestation that arise due to those root causes. Remember: 'Root causes create pressures which lead to disasters.'
Can you give an example of a root cause?
Sure! For instance, limited access to education and training creates a lack of skills in a community, making it unprepared for disasters.
So, addressing those root causes can help us prevent disasters, right?
Exactly! It's about building resilience at the community level.
In summary, to reduce disaster risks, we must understand the root causes and dynamic pressures. Next, we'll look at specific frameworks used in DRR.
Hyogo Framework for Action
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Now let's explore the Hyogo Framework for Action. It emphasizes five key principles.
What are those principles?
First, DRR should be a national and local priority with a strong institutional basis. Second, we must identify, assess, and monitor disasters effectively.
That makes sense. What’s the third principle?
The third principle is to use innovation and education to cultivate a culture of safety. Next, we reduce the underlying factors contributing to disaster risks.
And the last one?
It’s about strengthening disaster preparedness for effective responses across all levels.
So, these principles are meant to be implemented at all levels?
Yes! It's vital that they are not only national but also local priorities to be effective in reducing disaster risk.
In summary, the Hyogo Framework sets a comprehensive agenda for increased preparedness and resilience against disasters. Next, we will go over the Sendai Framework.
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
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Let’s discuss the Sendai Framework, which builds on the Hyogo Framework and extends its scope to include multiple disaster types.
What kind of disasters does it focus on?
The Sendai Framework covers natural, technological, and biological hazards, facilitating a multi-hazard management approach.
Why is addressing multiple hazards important?
Addressing multiple hazards is crucial because they often interact. For instance, floods can lead to landslides, as seen during the Uttarakhand disaster.
What outcomes do we aim for with this framework?
We aim for a substantial reduction in disaster risks and losses to lives, livelihoods, and community assets.
And how do we achieve that?
Through integrated and inclusive strategies that encompass all aspects of society, from economic to cultural.
In summary, the Sendai Framework emphasizes a multi-hazard approach, aiming to enhance global resilience against diverse disaster scenarios.
Introduction & Overview
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Quick Overview
Standard
The section discusses the pressure and release model, detailing how root causes and dynamic pressures contribute to disaster vulnerability. It emphasizes the importance of frameworks such as the Hyogo Framework for Action and the Sendai Framework for strategic disaster risk management and strengthening resilience across multiple hazard contexts.
Detailed
Detailed Summary
This section explores the principles of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) focusing on the Pressure and Release Model, which illustrates how root causes and dynamic pressures contribute to disaster vulnerability and risk. The discussion identifies several underlying root causes such as limited access to resources, political ideologies, and inadequate training that manifest in various dynamic pressures.
Key aspects include the influence of macroscopic factors like demographic changes, economic burdens, environmental concerns such as deforestation and soil degradation, and societal inequalities that exacerbate vulnerability.
The section elaborates on two critical frameworks:
Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015)
It aims to ensure that DRR is prioritized at national and local levels, identifies and monitors disasters, enhances education and knowledge for safety, reduces underlying risk factors, and strengthens disaster preparedness.
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030)
It moves beyond single hazard focus to a multi-hazard approach, affecting both small and large scale disasters considering natural and human-influenced hazards. It aims for substantial reduction in disaster risks and losses, striving for integrated and inclusive DRR strategies.
This foundational knowledge frames DRR not just as a reactionary measure post-disaster but as an integral part of developmental planning to enhance community resilience.
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Understanding the Pressure and Release Model
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And they talk about they have come with the understanding of this framework is called a pressure and release model. So we have the root causes as I discussed with you, that the limited access to the power, structures, resources.
Detailed Explanation
The pressure and release model explains how various pressures, such as limited access to resources and power structures, lead to vulnerability in communities. Root causes, like political ideologies and economic systems, contribute to the dynamic pressures that increase the risk of disasters.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine a pot of water being heated on a stove. The heat represents the root causes of vulnerability, and the water level represents community safety. As the heat increases (representing the pressures from society), the water begins to boil over (representing a disaster) when it reaches a critical point.
Dynamic Pressures and Their Effects
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For example, when we have the institutional lack of institutional training, appropriate skills, local investments, even how the markets will also create some kind of everyday issues.
Detailed Explanation
Dynamic pressures arise from factors like lack of training, inadequate local investments, and market issues. These pressures create conditions that can lead to disaster vulnerability. Communities without training or resources are more at risk when disasters occur.
Examples & Analogies
Consider a village where farmers lack training in modern agricultural techniques. Their crops fail because they don't know how to adapt to changing weather patterns. This ‘lack of training’ is a dynamic pressure that makes the community more vulnerable to food shortages during a drought.
Macro-Forces Increasing Vulnerability
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The other aspects are the macro-forces, the demographic change you know the rapid population change, rapid urbanisations.
Detailed Explanation
Macro-forces like demographic changes, rapid population growth, and urbanization contribute to vulnerability. As more people move into cities without adequate infrastructure, the risk of disasters increases due to overcrowded and poorly constructed environments.
Examples & Analogies
Think of a city suddenly facing a population boom due to rural migration. With more people than housing, many families end up living in shantytowns. This overcrowding creates unsafe living conditions, increasing the likelihood of disasters like fires or floods.
Impact of Environmental Changes
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Deforestation because of the industrial and expansions, physical expansion of cities, and how the deforestation is in turn affecting the climate change.
Detailed Explanation
Environmental changes, particularly deforestation due to industrial expansion, significantly affect climate change. These environmental challenges then contribute to disaster risk, making it essential to consider ecological sustainability in disaster risk reduction efforts.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine a sponge that absorbs water. Deforestation removes trees that act like sponges, absorbing rainwater. Without trees, floods become more likely, similar to how a dried sponge doesn't retain water and spills out instead.
Preparedness and Institutional Support
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public actions and institutions, this is where the preparedness because majority of the political institutions they do not rely on, they do not fund for the preparedness program.
Detailed Explanation
Disaster preparedness often lacks funding and political support. Governments may focus more on post-disaster recovery rather than investing in preventative measures. This lack of support for preparatory actions exacerbates vulnerabilities in communities.
Examples & Analogies
Consider a family ignoring a leaking roof—waiting until the leak causes damage before fixing it. This is akin to governments neglecting disaster preparedness and only reacting when disasters occur, leading to increased damage and costs.
Frameworks for Disaster Risk Reduction
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So coming to the frameworks, when we talk about the Hyogo Framework for Action from 2005 to 2015...
Detailed Explanation
The Hyogo Framework for Action establishes principles for disaster risk reduction, emphasizing national and local priority, the importance of monitoring and assessing disasters, and fostering a culture of safety. It guides communities and governments in implementing effective disaster management practices.
Examples & Analogies
Think of the Hyogo Framework as a blueprint for building a strong house. Just as a good house design ensures safety from storms, this framework helps countries create robust systems to protect against disasters.
Goals of the Sendai Framework
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And follow up on the Hyogo Framework for Action, Sendai Framework for disaster risk reduction sets up like this 2015 to 2030...
Detailed Explanation
The Sendai Framework expands on the principles of the Hyogo Framework, focusing on comprehensive disaster risk management across all sectors and promoting resilience in communities by reducing disaster risk through inclusive and integrated measures.
Examples & Analogies
Living in a coastal area prone to hurricanes, communities might invest in various measures—strong building codes, early warning systems, and public education campaigns—to prepare for and mitigate hurricane impacts, reflecting the holistic approach of the Sendai Framework.
Definitions & Key Concepts
Learn essential terms and foundational ideas that form the basis of the topic.
Key Concepts
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Pressure and Release Model: A method to identify how root causes and dynamic pressures contribute to disaster risk.
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Hyogo Framework: A global agreement serving to reduce disaster risk through priority areas.
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Sendai Framework: A multi-hazard approach framework for disaster risk reduction from 2015 to 2030.
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Vulnerability: The capacity of individuals or communities to cope with disasters.
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Resilience: The ability to recover quickly from the difficulties posed by disasters.
Examples & Real-Life Applications
See how the concepts apply in real-world scenarios to understand their practical implications.
Examples
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In North Korea, the lack of press freedom contributes to the public's vulnerability by limiting information about disasters.
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The Uttarakhand floods in 2013 demonstrated how multiple hazard events (floods and landslides) can occur together due to environmental degradation.
Memory Aids
Use mnemonics, acronyms, or visual cues to help remember key information more easily.
🎵 Rhymes Time
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To prevent destruction and loss, fix those roots, be the boss.
📖 Fascinating Stories
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Imagine a village where a tree is uprooted due to floods. The villagers didn’t plant roots deep enough (addressing root causes), leading to a cycle of disasters. Only when they focused on nurturing their roots did they flourish.
🧠 Other Memory Gems
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To remember the principles of Hyogo, think PACE = Priority, Assessment, Culture, and Economy.
🎯 Super Acronyms
DRR = Decrease Risks Resiliently.
Flash Cards
Review key concepts with flashcards.
Glossary of Terms
Review the Definitions for terms.
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Term: DRR
Definition:
Disaster Risk Reduction - strategies aimed at preventing disaster risks and minimizing the impact of disasters.
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Term: Hyogo Framework
Definition:
A framework established to foster disaster risk reduction globally from 2005 to 2015.
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Term: Sendai Framework
Definition:
A framework set for disaster risk reduction from 2015 to 2030, emphasizing multi-hazard risk management.
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Term: Pressure and Release Model
Definition:
A model that shows how root causes create pressures leading to disasters.
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Term: Vulnerability
Definition:
The susceptibility of a community to the impacts of disasters.
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Term: Risk
Definition:
The potential for loss or damage when a hazard interacts with vulnerable conditions.