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Interactive Audio Lesson
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Understanding the Pressure and Release Model
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Today, we are going to delve into the pressure and release model. This model helps explain how disasters emerge not just from natural hazards, but also from underlying root causes. Can anyone tell me what some root causes might be?
Economic instability, maybe?
Exactly! Limited access to resources, inadequate training, and political ideologies also contribute. These root causes create dynamic pressures that impact communities. Can someone give me an example of dynamic pressures?
Urbanization, where more people move to cities but infrastructure doesn't improve?
Great example! Urbanization can lead to unsafe living conditions and increased vulnerability to disasters. Remember, 'root causes create pressures that lead to hazards.' Let's keep this in mind!
Case Studies of Disaster Effects
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Let's talk about some case studies. Venezuela is a recent example where economic collapse has escalated the risk of disasters. How does a weak economy relate to disaster risk?
Maybe because people can't afford to prepare or evacuate?
Exactly! A poor economy places heavy burdens on citizens, making them more vulnerable. And how does environmental degradation like deforestation influence this?
It would decrease natural resources and lead to climate issues, right?
Absolutely! Lower resources and climate issues increase disaster risks significantly. Remember this interconnectedness!
Frameworks for Disaster Risk Reduction
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Now let's discuss frameworks that guide disaster risk reduction efforts. Who can name one of the frameworks?
The Hyogo Framework?
Good! The Hyogo Framework set five principles to prioritize disaster risk reduction. Can you name one of those principles?
Um, enhancing early warning systems?
That's correct! Now, the Sendai Framework transitioned to a multi-hazard approach. Why is that important, do you think?
Because different types of disasters can happen at the same time?
Yes! It highlights the need for integrated strategies. Remember, we must address risks holistically. That's a key point!
Setting Targets for Risk Reduction
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The Sendai Framework also outlines specific targets. What are some targets you think nations might focus on?
Reducing mortality rates and economic losses?
Correct! Reducing direct economic losses and enhancing early warning access are pivotal. Who can explain why enhancing governance is crucial?
It helps coordinate responses and preparedness, right?
Exactly! Effective governance plays a critical role in disaster preparedness and response. Don't forget this connection!
Introduction & Overview
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Quick Overview
Standard
The section delves into how various root causes, such as inadequate resources, political ideologies, and macro-forces like demographic changes, contribute to systemic pressures on communities, increasing disaster risks. It also emphasizes frameworks like the Hyogo and Sendai Frameworks, promoting principles aimed at national and local disaster risk reduction priorities, understanding hazards, and enhancing preparedness.
Detailed
Targets and Goals
This section explores the pressure and release model within disaster risk management. The model emphasizes that disaster risks are not only caused by natural hazards but also by root causes like limited access to resources, inadequate institutional training, and macro-forces like rapid urbanization, demographic changes, and environmental degradation (e.g., deforestation and soil productivity decline).
Key Points:
- Root Causes and Pressures:
- Root Causes: Include limited access to resources, political ideologies, and economic systems that contribute to systemic vulnerabilities.
- Dynamic Pressures: Encompass everyday issues like a lack of institutional support, market failures, and environmental changes pushing communities into unsafe conditions, resulting in increased disaster risks.
- Case Studies:
- Example of North Korea illustrates how limited press freedom prevents the world from knowing about crises.
- The Venezuelan economic collapse highlights how disastrous conditions can arise from broader systemic failures.
- Disaster Frameworks:
- Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015): Focuses on prioritizing disaster risk reduction with five principles, including institutional implementation and the need to enhance early warning systems.
- Sendai Framework (2015-2030): Shifts the focus from single hazards to a multi-hazard approach, aiming for disaster risk reduction across various sectors and minimizing losses, aiming to substantially reduce disaster mortality and economic losses by 2030.
- Strategic Targets:
- Goals include reducing affected populations by promoting early warning systems, enhancing disaster governance, and integrating disaster risk management into development.
Understanding these principles is crucial for building resilience and better preparing communities for potential disasters.
Audio Book
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Understanding the Pressure and Release Model
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And they talk about they have come with the understanding of this framework is called a pressure and release model. So we have the root causes as I discussed with you, that the limited access to the power, structures, resources. Ideologies where the political ideology, the systems, political systems and economic systems and how these root causes can actually create certain add-on to the dynamic pressures.
Detailed Explanation
The pressure and release model helps us understand how certain root causes, such as limited access to resources and power, can create pressures that increase vulnerability to disasters. These root causes are often tied to societal and political structures. When these underlying issues are not addressed, they lead to further dynamic pressures that make communities more susceptible to hazards.
Examples & Analogies
Think of a balloon being filled with air. The air inside represents the pressures caused by inequities in resources and power. If the balloon has weak spots (the root causes), it will eventually pop when too much air (dynamic pressures) is added. Similarly, societies facing these pressures are at risk of disaster when they don't have strong foundations.
Impacts of Macro-Forces
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The other aspects are the macro-forces, the demographic change you know the rapid population change, rapid urbanisations and the amputation expenditure, the debt repayment because we have been taking a lot of loans from world bank and other things. So how we are able to, how this particular debt is increasing, and it is adding to the burden of the citizen's lives and their livelihoods.
Detailed Explanation
Macro-forces include large-scale changes in society that affect everyday life, such as rapid population growth and urbanization. These forces can lead to increased debt and financial obligations, particularly in poorer countries. As governments take loans to finance development, the burden of debt impacts citizens' livelihoods, creating a precarious situation for those already at risk.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine a family that takes out a loan to build a new home. The initial excitement quickly fades as they realize they must make monthly payments, limiting their ability to afford other necessities like food and education. Similarly, countries that take on debt for development must balance these repayments with citizens' needs, often leading to challenging situations.
Environmental and Land Use Issues
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Deforestation because of the industrial and expansions, physical expansion of cities, and how the deforestation is in turn affecting the climate change and which is again relating to the DRR. Decline in soil productivity you know, in many at cases we have this how the agriculture has been converted into aquaculture, and again aquaculture has been at some point they come into losses, and again they want to come into agriculture you know how they face these difficulties and how it will reduce the soil productivity as well.
Detailed Explanation
Environmental issues such as deforestation and declining soil productivity can exacerbate disaster risks. Deforestation affects climate change, while poor land management can lead to decreased agricultural yields. When agriculture shifts to aquaculture, the shift may not always be successful, leading to further declines in productivity and economic stability for farming communities.
Examples & Analogies
Think of a farm that relies on both crops and fish for income. If the farmer decides to focus solely on fishing without considering the environmental impacts, the water could become polluted, and fish populations might decline. Consequently, this can lead to a loss of income and food sources, similar to how poor management of land can lead to unsustainable practices.
Vulnerabilities and Risk Factors
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However, not only that it will also go with the land use like imagine you would talk about an industrial land use and how it can pollute the surrounding soil nature, that is also an important, and it will affect certain species of trees and flora and fauna, this how the result into the unsafe conditions.
Detailed Explanation
Land use changes, particularly industrial land use, can lead to pollution that affects the environment. This pollution can degrade soil quality and harm local ecosystems, leading to further vulnerabilities in communities. As natural habitats are disrupted, the risk of disasters increases, as ecosystems often play a critical role in buffering against hazards.
Examples & Analogies
Consider a factory that dumps waste into a river. Initially, the factory may provide jobs, but over time, the pollution kills fish and plants vital to the local economy. As the community faces dwindling natural resources, they become more vulnerable to food shortages and economic downturns, highlighting the connection between land use and disaster risk.
Social Factors Influencing Disaster Risk
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Where we talk about the dangerous locations people live in the physical dangerous locations, unprotected buildings and infrastructure, maybe many of in poorer countries, they do not have even money to safeguard those existing structures. People tend to live in the places where they are habituated to.
Detailed Explanation
People often live in hazardous environments due to socio-economic factors, such as poverty and lack of resources for safe housing. In poorer countries, the inability to invest in safer infrastructure means that communities remain vulnerable to disasters. This habit of living in unsafe areas is compounded by economic constraints, which prevents improvements.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine a family living in a low-lying area prone to flooding. They may have lived there for generations but can’t afford to move to a safer location or improve their home. When floods occur, their situation worsens, indicating how social and economic factors can trap people in hazardous environments.
Governance and Preparedness Challenges
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And when we talk about the public actions and institutions, this is where the preparedness because majority of the political institutions they do not rely on, they do not fund for the preparedness program because that is not much visible because they are not sure whether disaster is going to happen or not.
Detailed Explanation
Disaster preparedness is often neglected in favor of more visible post-disaster recovery efforts. Political institutions may hesitate to invest in preparation programs due to uncertainty about when or if disasters will occur. This can lead to a lack of resources dedicated to training and establishing early warning systems.
Examples & Analogies
Think about a school's emergency drill. The school spends time and resources preparing students for emergencies, even though they hope such an event never happens. Similarly, communities and governments need to prioritize preparedness, even when the potential for disaster isn’t immediately apparent.
The Hyogo and Sendai Frameworks
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So coming to the frameworks, when we talk about the Hyogo Framework for Action from 2005 to 2015 and these are the 5 principles which they have established. One is ensure that disaster risk reduction DRR is a national and local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation.
Detailed Explanation
The Hyogo Framework for Action outlines critical principles for disaster risk reduction that emphasize the importance of prioritizing DRR at both national and local levels. This framework serves as a guideline for governments to establish strong institutional practices that support disaster risk management.
Examples & Analogies
Imagine a city that implements a public safety plan, involving fire drills, safety inspections, and community engagement. By prioritizing these actions, the city creates a culture of preparedness that helps minimize the risks of disasters, similar to the principles set out in the Hyogo Framework.
Goals of the Sendai Framework
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So follow up on the Hyogo Framework for Action, Sendai Framework for disaster risk reduction sets up like this 2015 to 2030, and I will try to present into few slides on how this whole scope and purpose to the guiding principles.
Detailed Explanation
The Sendai Framework builds on the Hyogo Framework by expanding the focus to encompass all types of hazards and emphasizing integrated and inclusive disaster risk reduction strategies. It sets forth goals to reduce existing disaster risks and prevent new ones through comprehensive risk management across sectors.
Examples & Analogies
Consider a community that not only prepares for earthquakes but also for floods, landslides, and other hazards. By adopting an inclusive approach, they increase the overall resilience of the community, analogous to the comprehensive goals outlined in the Sendai Framework.
Targets for Disaster Risk Reduction
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So the targets which they have set up is about they need to reduce the global disaster mortality by 2030. Aiming to lower average per 1 lakh global mortality between 2020 and 2030 compared to 5 and 15 so they are trying to set up some targets.
Detailed Explanation
The Sendai Framework establishes specific targets to reduce disaster-related mortality and to enhance overall societal resilience. These targets focus on measurable outcomes that countries can strive for, representing a collective effort to mitigate the impacts of disasters globally.
Examples & Analogies
Think of a sports team setting goals for their season, like winning a certain number of matches. Similarly, countries can set measurable targets to reduce disaster impacts, adjusting their strategies as they work toward those goals, much like a team adjusts their plays based on performance.
Definitions & Key Concepts
Learn essential terms and foundational ideas that form the basis of the topic.
Key Concepts
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Root Causes: Structural issues that underlie vulnerabilities to disasters.
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Dynamic Pressures: Pressures arising from societal factors that increase disaster risk.
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Half-Governed Areas: Regions lacking effective governance structures for disaster preparedness.
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Multi-Hazard Approach: A comprehensive perspective that considers various disaster types together.
Examples & Real-Life Applications
See how the concepts apply in real-world scenarios to understand their practical implications.
Examples
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North Korea's lack of press freedom limits awareness of crisis situations among the global community.
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The economic situation in Venezuela leading to widespread socio-economic disruption and collapse.
Memory Aids
Use mnemonics, acronyms, or visual cues to help remember key information more easily.
🎵 Rhymes Time
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When pressures are high, the risk is nigh, reduce with knowledge and training, let safety fly.
📖 Fascinating Stories
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Imagine a village where the river changes course due to deforestation, leading to floods. The villagers were unaware, but if they had recognized the pressures, they could have had warning systems in place.
🧠 Other Memory Gems
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Remember 'P.H.A.S.E.' for disaster risk reduction: Pressure, Hazard, Awareness, Safety, and Evaluation.
🎯 Super Acronyms
Remember 'H.Y.O.G.O.' for key principles
- Holistic
- Youth-involved
- Observation
- Governance
- Organization.
Flash Cards
Review key concepts with flashcards.
Glossary of Terms
Review the Definitions for terms.
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Term: Pressure and Release Model
Definition:
A framework that explains how underlying root causes create pressures that can lead to disasters.
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Term: Dynamic Pressures
Definition:
Everyday issues that intensify the risk of disaster, such as inadequate training or environmental degradation.
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Term: Hyogo Framework for Action
Definition:
An international framework focused on disaster risk reduction principles from 2005 to 2015.
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Term: Sendai Framework
Definition:
The successor to the Hyogo Framework, aimed at multi-hazard disaster risk reduction from 2015 to 2030.
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Term: Vulnerability
Definition:
The susceptibility of a community to harm from hazards.