3.3. Targets and Goals

And they talk about they have come with the understanding of this framework is called a pressure and release model. So we have the root causes as I discussed with you, that the limited access to the power, structures, resources. Ideologies where the political ideology, the systems, political systems and economic systems and how these root causes can actually create certain add-on to the dynamic pressures.

The pressure and release model helps us understand how certain root causes, such as limited access to resources and power, can create pressures that increase vulnerability to disasters. These root causes are often tied to societal and political structures. When these underlying issues are not addressed, they lead to further dynamic pressures that make communities more susceptible to hazards.

Think of a balloon being filled with air. The air inside represents the pressures caused by inequities in resources and power. If the balloon has weak spots (the root causes), it will eventually pop when too much air (dynamic pressures) is added. Similarly, societies facing these pressures are at risk of disaster when they don't have strong foundations.

The other aspects are the macro-forces, the demographic change you know the rapid population change, rapid urbanisations and the amputation expenditure, the debt repayment because we have been taking a lot of loans from world bank and other things. So how we are able to, how this particular debt is increasing, and it is adding to the burden of the citizen's lives and their livelihoods.

Macro-forces include large-scale changes in society that affect everyday life, such as rapid population growth and urbanization. These forces can lead to increased debt and financial obligations, particularly in poorer countries. As governments take loans to finance development, the burden of debt impacts citizens' livelihoods, creating a precarious situation for those already at risk.

Imagine a family that takes out a loan to build a new home. The initial excitement quickly fades as they realize they must make monthly payments, limiting their ability to afford other necessities like food and education. Similarly, countries that take on debt for development must balance these repayments with citizens' needs, often leading to challenging situations.

Deforestation because of the industrial and expansions, physical expansion of cities, and how the deforestation is in turn affecting the climate change and which is again relating to the DRR. Decline in soil productivity you know, in many at cases we have this how the agriculture has been converted into aquaculture, and again aquaculture has been at some point they come into losses, and again they want to come into agriculture you know how they face these difficulties and how it will reduce the soil productivity as well.

Environmental issues such as deforestation and declining soil productivity can exacerbate disaster risks. Deforestation affects climate change, while poor land management can lead to decreased agricultural yields. When agriculture shifts to aquaculture, the shift may not always be successful, leading to further declines in productivity and economic stability for farming communities.

Think of a farm that relies on both crops and fish for income. If the farmer decides to focus solely on fishing without considering the environmental impacts, the water could become polluted, and fish populations might decline. Consequently, this can lead to a loss of income and food sources, similar to how poor management of land can lead to unsustainable practices.

However, not only that it will also go with the land use like imagine you would talk about an industrial land use and how it can pollute the surrounding soil nature, that is also an important, and it will affect certain species of trees and flora and fauna, this how the result into the unsafe conditions.

Land use changes, particularly industrial land use, can lead to pollution that affects the environment. This pollution can degrade soil quality and harm local ecosystems, leading to further vulnerabilities in communities. As natural habitats are disrupted, the risk of disasters increases, as ecosystems often play a critical role in buffering against hazards.

Consider a factory that dumps waste into a river. Initially, the factory may provide jobs, but over time, the pollution kills fish and plants vital to the local economy. As the community faces dwindling natural resources, they become more vulnerable to food shortages and economic downturns, highlighting the connection between land use and disaster risk.

Where we talk about the dangerous locations people live in the physical dangerous locations, unprotected buildings and infrastructure, maybe many of in poorer countries, they do not have even money to safeguard those existing structures. People tend to live in the places where they are habituated to.

People often live in hazardous environments due to socio-economic factors, such as poverty and lack of resources for safe housing. In poorer countries, the inability to invest in safer infrastructure means that communities remain vulnerable to disasters. This habit of living in unsafe areas is compounded by economic constraints, which prevents improvements.

Imagine a family living in a low-lying area prone to flooding. They may have lived there for generations but can’t afford to move to a safer location or improve their home. When floods occur, their situation worsens, indicating how social and economic factors can trap people in hazardous environments.

And when we talk about the public actions and institutions, this is where the preparedness because majority of the political institutions they do not rely on, they do not fund for the preparedness program because that is not much visible because they are not sure whether disaster is going to happen or not.

Disaster preparedness is often neglected in favor of more visible post-disaster recovery efforts. Political institutions may hesitate to invest in preparation programs due to uncertainty about when or if disasters will occur. This can lead to a lack of resources dedicated to training and establishing early warning systems.

Think about a school's emergency drill. The school spends time and resources preparing students for emergencies, even though they hope such an event never happens. Similarly, communities and governments need to prioritize preparedness, even when the potential for disaster isn’t immediately apparent.

So coming to the frameworks, when we talk about the Hyogo Framework for Action from 2005 to 2015 and these are the 5 principles which they have established. One is ensure that disaster risk reduction DRR is a national and local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation.

The Hyogo Framework for Action outlines critical principles for disaster risk reduction that emphasize the importance of prioritizing DRR at both national and local levels. This framework serves as a guideline for governments to establish strong institutional practices that support disaster risk management.

Imagine a city that implements a public safety plan, involving fire drills, safety inspections, and community engagement. By prioritizing these actions, the city creates a culture of preparedness that helps minimize the risks of disasters, similar to the principles set out in the Hyogo Framework.

So follow up on the Hyogo Framework for Action, Sendai Framework for disaster risk reduction sets up like this 2015 to 2030, and I will try to present into few slides on how this whole scope and purpose to the guiding principles.

The Sendai Framework builds on the Hyogo Framework by expanding the focus to encompass all types of hazards and emphasizing integrated and inclusive disaster risk reduction strategies. It sets forth goals to reduce existing disaster risks and prevent new ones through comprehensive risk management across sectors.

Consider a community that not only prepares for earthquakes but also for floods, landslides, and other hazards. By adopting an inclusive approach, they increase the overall resilience of the community, analogous to the comprehensive goals outlined in the Sendai Framework.

So the targets which they have set up is about they need to reduce the global disaster mortality by 2030. Aiming to lower average per 1 lakh global mortality between 2020 and 2030 compared to 5 and 15 so they are trying to set up some targets.

The Sendai Framework establishes specific targets to reduce disaster-related mortality and to enhance overall societal resilience. These targets focus on measurable outcomes that countries can strive for, representing a collective effort to mitigate the impacts of disasters globally.

Think of a sports team setting goals for their season, like winning a certain number of matches. Similarly, countries can set measurable targets to reduce disaster impacts, adjusting their strategies as they work toward those goals, much like a team adjusts their plays based on performance.

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