Discrete Mathematics - Vol 3 | 7. Lecture - 55: Modular Arithmetic by Abraham | Learn Smarter
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7. Lecture - 55: Modular Arithmetic

7. Lecture - 55: Modular Arithmetic

The chapter discusses modular arithmetic, key algorithms related to it, and their relevance to computer science, particularly in cryptography. It outlines congruence relations, arithmetic rules in modular systems, and emphasizes the inefficiencies of naive algorithms for modular exponentiation in favor of a more efficient square and multiply method. The chapter wraps up with insights into the complexity of modular arithmetic operations.

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  1. 7.1
    Discrete Mathematics

    This section introduces modular arithmetic and its relevance in computer...

  2. 7.2
    Lecture - 55: Modular Arithmetic

    Modular arithmetic is a fundamental concept in number theory that is crucial...

  3. 7.3
    Introduction To Number Theory

    This section introduces the fundamentals of number theory, specifically...

  4. 7.4
    Modular Arithmetic

    This section covers the fundamentals of modular arithmetic, including its...

  5. 7.4.1
    Definition And Concept Of Modulus

    Modulus is a fundamental concept in modular arithmetic, defining the...

  6. 7.4.2
    Congruence With Respect To Modulo

    This section introduces modular arithmetic and the concept of congruence,...

  7. 7.4.2.1
    Definition Of Congruence

    This section introduces the concept of congruence in modular arithmetic,...

  8. 7.4.2.2
    Arithmetic Rules In Modular Arithmetic

    This section discusses the fundamental arithmetic rules governing modular...

  9. 7.4.3
    Arithmetic Rules Of Modular Arithmetic

    This section explores the arithmetic rules of modular arithmetic,...

  10. 7.4.3.1
    Addition And Subtraction Rules

    This section explores the rules of addition and subtraction under modular...

  11. 7.4.3.2
    Multiplication Rules

    This section discusses modular arithmetic, particularly focusing on the...

  12. 7.4.3.3
    Division In Modular Arithmetic

    This section introduces modular arithmetic in number theory, focusing on...

  13. 7.5
    Algorithms For Modular Arithmetic

    This section discusses modular arithmetic algorithms, focusing on their...

  14. 7.5.1
    Modular Addition, Subtraction And Multiplication

    This section introduces modular arithmetic, focusing on addition,...

  15. 7.5.2
    Complexity Measurement

    This section focuses on the complexity measurement in modular arithmetic...

  16. 7.5.3
    Modular Exponentiation

    This section covers the concept of modular exponentiation, its significance...

  17. 7.5.3.1
    Naive Approach For Modular Exponentiation

    This section discusses the naive approach for modular exponentiation,...

  18. 7.5.3.2
    Square And Multiply Approach

    The Square and Multiply Approach is an efficient method for modular...

  19. 7.5.3.3
    Pseudocode For Square And Multiply

    This section introduces the Square and Multiply algorithm for efficient...

  20. 7.6
    Summary And References

    This section introduces modular arithmetic, its properties, and algorithms...

What we have learnt

  • Modular arithmetic involves finding remainders when integers are divided by a modulus.
  • Congruence relations are established when two numbers yield the same remainder when divided by a modulus.
  • The square and multiply method is an efficient algorithm for modular exponentiation that significantly reduces the number of multiplicative operations required.

Key Concepts

-- Modular Arithmetic
A system of arithmetic for integers where numbers wrap around upon reaching a specified value, known as the modulus.
-- Congruence Relation
A relation that shows two integers have the same remainder when divided by a specified modulus.
-- Square and Multiply Algorithm
An efficient algorithm for computing large powers modulo a number, reducing the time complexity from exponential to polynomial.

Additional Learning Materials

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