7. Lecture - 55: Modular Arithmetic
The chapter discusses modular arithmetic, key algorithms related to it, and their relevance to computer science, particularly in cryptography. It outlines congruence relations, arithmetic rules in modular systems, and emphasizes the inefficiencies of naive algorithms for modular exponentiation in favor of a more efficient square and multiply method. The chapter wraps up with insights into the complexity of modular arithmetic operations.
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What we have learnt
- Modular arithmetic involves finding remainders when integers are divided by a modulus.
- Congruence relations are established when two numbers yield the same remainder when divided by a modulus.
- The square and multiply method is an efficient algorithm for modular exponentiation that significantly reduces the number of multiplicative operations required.
Key Concepts
- -- Modular Arithmetic
- A system of arithmetic for integers where numbers wrap around upon reaching a specified value, known as the modulus.
- -- Congruence Relation
- A relation that shows two integers have the same remainder when divided by a specified modulus.
- -- Square and Multiply Algorithm
- An efficient algorithm for computing large powers modulo a number, reducing the time complexity from exponential to polynomial.
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