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Linear congruences and their solutions can be effectively understood through two methods: the extended Euclidean algorithm and the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT). The chapter introduces linear congruences as an extension of linear equations into modular arithmetic, showcasing methods to find solutions under given conditions. Ultimately, it emphasizes the significance of finding unique solutions within a specified range, thus establishing a foundational understanding of linear congruences in discrete mathematics.
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Term: Linear Congruences
Definition: Equations of the form ax ≡ b (mod N), where a, b, and N are integers and the goal is to find integer values of x.
Term: Extended Euclidean Algorithm
Definition: An algorithm that computes the greatest common divisor of two integers and finds integers x and y such that ax + by = gcd(a, b).
Term: Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT)
Definition: A theorem stating that if you have n linear congruences with pairwise coprime moduli, there is a unique solution modulo the product of the moduli.
Term: Unique Solution
Definition: A solution that exists in the range of 0 to M-1, where M is the product of the moduli in the CRT.