Hydrology & Water Resources Engineering - Vol 1 | 16. Evaporation Process by Abraham | Learn Smarter
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16. Evaporation Process

16. Evaporation Process

The evaporation process is a key component of the hydrological cycle, significantly affecting water resources engineering. Understanding the factors influencing evaporation, methods for measuring and estimating it, and techniques for reducing evaporation losses is crucial for effective water management. Additionally, evapotranspiration's distinct role in the water cycle emphasizes its importance for agricultural and environmental planning.

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  1. 16
    Evaporation Process

    Evaporation is a key component of the hydrological cycle, affecting water...

  2. 16.1
    Definition Of Evaporation

    Evaporation is the process of water transforming from liquid to vapor due to...

  3. 16.2
    Factors Affecting Evaporation

    This section discusses the various factors that influence the rate of...

  4. 16.2.1
    Solar Radiation

    Solar radiation is the primary energy source for evaporation, directly...

  5. 16.2.2

    Temperature significantly influences the rate of evaporation by determining...

  6. 16.2.3

    Humidity inversely affects evaporation rates, with higher humidity reducing...

  7. 16.2.4

    Wind speed significantly influences evaporation rates by removing saturated...

  8. 16.2.5
    Atmospheric Pressure

    This section discusses how atmospheric pressure influences evaporation rates...

  9. 16.2.6
    Water Quality

    Water quality affects evaporation rates due to impurities and dissolved...

  10. 16.2.7
    Surface Area

    The surface area of water bodies significantly influences the rate of evaporation.

  11. 16.3
    Measurement Of Evaporation

    This section details the various methods used to measure evaporation,...

  12. 16.3.1
    Class A Evaporation Pan

    The Class A evaporation pan is a standardized instrument used to measure...

  13. 16.3.2
    Isi Standard Pan (Modified Class A Pan)

    The ISI Standard Pan is a modified Class A evaporation pan used in India for...

  14. 16.3.3
    Floating Pan

    The Floating Pan is a measurement device used to more accurately represent...

  15. 16.3.4

    A lysimeter is a scientific instrument used to measure evaporation from soil...

  16. 16.3.5

    An atmometer is an instrument used to measure evaporation from a wet porous surface.

  17. 16.4
    Estimation Of Evaporation

    This section discusses methods to estimate evaporation when direct...

  18. 16.4.1
    Water Budget Method

    The Water Budget Method estimates evaporation using the continuity equation...

  19. 16.4.2
    Energy Budget Method

    The Energy Budget Method estimates evaporation using the principle of...

  20. 16.4.3
    Penman Equation

    The Penman Equation is a combined method used to estimate evaporation by...

  21. 16.4.4
    Empirical Formulas

    This section discusses empirical formulas used for estimating evaporation in...

  22. 16.4.4.a
    Mayer’s Formula

    Mayer's Formula provides an empirical method for estimating evaporation...

  23. 16.4.4.b
    Rohwer’s Equation

    Rohwer’s Equation provides a method for estimating evaporation based on...

  24. 16.5
    Evaporation Reduction Techniques

    This section discusses techniques to reduce evaporation losses, crucial for...

  25. 16.5.1
    Physical Methods

    This section discusses physical methods to reduce evaporation losses from...

  26. 16.5.2
    Chemical Methods

    Chemical methods for reducing evaporation involve utilizing substances to...

  27. 16.5.3
    Structural Measures

    Structural measures in evaporation reduction focus on modifying the physical...

  28. 16.6
    Evapotranspiration

    Evapotranspiration is the combined loss of water from soil and vegetation,...

  29. 16.6.1

    Evapotranspiration is the combined loss of water from soil and vegetation,...

  30. 16.6.2
    Potential Evapotranspiration (Pet)

    Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) refers to the maximum possible rate of...

  31. 16.6.3
    Actual Evapotranspiration (Aet)

    Actual Evapotranspiration (AET) refers to the observed loss of water from...

  32. 16.6.4
    Estimation Methods

    The Estimation Methods section outlines various techniques for estimating...

  33. 16.7
    Application In Water Resources Engineering

    This section discusses the significance of evaporation studies in various...

What we have learnt

  • Evaporation is influenced by various climatic factors such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation.
  • Multiple methods, including the Class A Evaporation Pan and energy budget methods, exist for measuring and estimating evaporation.
  • Evapotranspiration represents the combined loss of water from soil and vegetation and has distinct potential and actual measurements.

Key Concepts

-- Evaporation
The process by which water changes from liquid to vapor due to energy absorption.
-- Evapotranspiration
The combined loss of water from soil through evaporation and from vegetation through transpiration.
-- Class A Evaporation Pan
A standard instrument used to measure evaporation in hydrological studies.
-- Potential Evapotranspiration (PET)
Maximum possible evapotranspiration that can occur under optimal water supply conditions.

Additional Learning Materials

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