IB Grade 11: Chemistry | Unit 7: Equilibrium by Prakhar Chauhan | Learn Smarter
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Unit 7: Equilibrium

Unit 7: Equilibrium

Chemical equilibrium is central to understanding reaction processes in various settings. The dynamics of equilibrium highlight how reactions can shift in response to changes in concentration, pressure, or temperature. Key industrial applications demonstrate how equilibrium principles are applied to optimize chemical production processes, such as ammonia and sulfuric acid synthesis.

17 sections

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Sections

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  1. 7

    This section introduces the concept of chemical equilibrium, emphasizing its...

  2. 7.1
    Dynamic Equilibrium And The Equilibrium Constant

    This section introduces the concept of dynamic equilibrium in chemical...

  3. 7.1.1
    Reversible Reactions And Establishing Equilibrium

    This section discusses reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium, and the...

  4. 7.1.2
    The Law Of Mass Action And The Equilibrium Constant (Kc)

    The Law of Mass Action establishes the relationship between the...

  5. 7.1.3
    Kp: Equilibrium Constant In Terms Of Partial Pressures

    This section details the concept of the equilibrium constant Kp, which...

  6. 7.1.4
    Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations (Ice Tables)

    This section details the ICE table method used for calculating equilibrium...

  7. 7.2
    Le Châtelier’s Principle

    Le Châtelier’s Principle describes how a system at equilibrium responds to...

  8. 7.2.1
    Statement Of Le Châtelier’s Principle

    Le Châtelier’s Principle states that a system at equilibrium will adjust to...

  9. 7.2.2
    Effect Of Concentration Changes

    This section details how changes in the concentrations of reactants or...

  10. 7.2.3
    Effect Of Pressure Changes (For Gas‐phase Equilibria)

    This section discusses how pressure changes affect gas-phase equilibria...

  11. 7.2.4
    Effect Of Temperature Changes

    Temperature changes impact chemical equilibrium by altering the equilibrium...

  12. 7.2.5
    Effect Of Catalysts

    Catalysts expedite the attainment of equilibrium in chemical reactions...

  13. 7.3
    Applications Of Equilibrium In Industry

    This section details how chemical industries apply equilibrium concepts to...

  14. 7.3.1
    Haber–bosch Process (Ammonia Synthesis)

    The Haber–Bosch process is a crucial industrial method for synthesizing...

  15. 7.3.2
    Contact Process (Sulfuric Acid Production)

    The Contact Process is a key method for producing sulfur trioxide and...

  16. 7.3.3
    Esterification (Production Of Esters)

    Esterification is the process of forming esters from carboxylic acids and...

  17. 7.3.4
    Other Industrial Equilibrium Processes

    The section discusses various industrial processes that utilize equilibrium...

What we have learnt

  • Dynamic equilibrium occurs in a closed system when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions equal each other.
  • The equilibrium constant expresses the ratio of concentrations of products to reactants at equilibrium, and it is only affected by temperature.
  • Le Châtelier’s Principle predicts how a system at equilibrium will adjust to external changes in concentration, pressure or temperature.

Key Concepts

-- Dynamic Equilibrium
A condition in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the backward reaction, resulting in constant concentrations of reactants and products.
-- Equilibrium Constant (Kc)
A number that expresses the ratio of concentrations of products to reactants for a reversible reaction at equilibrium at a given temperature.
-- Le Châtelier’s Principle
A principle stating that if an external change is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system adjusts in a way to counteract that change and restore equilibrium.

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