Learn
Games
Blogs
Unit 8: Acids and Bases

Acids and bases are essential concepts in chemistry, influencing numerous reactions and biological processes. This chapter discusses various theories of acids and bases, including Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories, and covers pH calculations, as well as the behavior of strong and weak acids and bases. The chapter concludes with methods for acid-base titrations and the practical applications of these concepts in experimental contexts.

You've not yet enrolled in this course. Please enroll for free to listen to audio lessons, classroom podcasts and take mock test.

Sections

  • 1

    Theories Of Acids And Bases

    This section covers the key theories of acids and bases, including Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, Lewis, and the concept of conjugate acid-base pairs.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.1

    Arrhenius Theory

    The Arrhenius Theory defines acids as substances that increase hydrogen ion concentration in water and bases as those that increase hydroxide ion concentration.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.2

    Brønsted-Lowry Theory

    The Brønsted-Lowry theory offers a broader definition of acids and bases based on proton transfer, allowing for reactions beyond aqueous solutions.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.3

    Lewis Theory

    The Lewis Theory describes acids as electron-pair acceptors and bases as electron-pair donors, expanding on previous theories by explaining reactions that do not involve protons.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.4

    Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs And Reaction Direction

    This section describes the relationship between acids, bases, and their conjugate pairs, emphasizing how these dynamics dictate the direction of acid-base reactions.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.4.1

    Conjugate Acid And Conjugate Base

    This section explains the concept of conjugate acid-base pairs in Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory, detailing how acids and bases transform into their conjugate species.

    Learning Practice

  • 1.4.2

    Strength Relationship

    The strength relationship in acids and bases describes how the strengths of conjugate acids and bases correlate with the dissociation constants in aqueous solutions.

    Learning Practice

  • 2

    Ph Calculations And Indicators

    This section explains the pH and pOH scales, how to calculate pH for strong and weak acids and bases, and the role of pH indicators.

    Learning Practice

  • 2.1

    The Ph And Poh Scales

    This section covers the definitions and calculations of pH and pOH, alongside their significance in determining the acidity or basicity of solutions.

    Learning Practice

  • 2.2

    Calculating Ph For Strong Acids And Bases

    This section discusses techniques for calculating the pH of strong acids and bases, highlighting the complete dissociation of these substances in water.

    Learning Practice

  • 2.2.1

    Strong Acids

    This section covers the definition, properties, examples, and calculations related to strong acids, highlighting their significance in acid-base chemistry.

    Learning Practice

  • 2.2.2

    Strong Bases

    This section covers the nature of strong bases, their dissociation in aqueous solutions, and the calculations necessary to determine their pH and pOH.

    Learning Practice

  • 2.3

    Calculating Ph For Weak Acids And Weak Bases

    This section covers the calculation of pH for weak acids and weak bases, explaining their equilibrium dissociation and providing methods for estimating pH.

    Learning Practice

  • 2.3.1

    Weak Acids

    This section explores weak acids, their ionization in water, and how they differ from strong acids in terms of dissociation and pH calculations.

    Learning Practice

  • 2.3.2

    Weak Bases

    This section discusses weak bases and their behavior in aqueous solutions, focusing on their dissociation and the relevant equilibrium concepts.

    Learning Practice

  • 2.4

    Effects Of Ionization Of Water (Autoprotolysis)

    This section explores the self-ionization of water, its equilibrium expression, and its significance in acid-base chemistry.

    Learning Practice

  • 2.5

    Ph Indicators

    pH indicators are weak acids or bases that change color based on the pH of a solution, providing a visual representation of acidity or basicity.

    Learning Practice

  • 2.5.1

    How Indicators Work

    Indicators are weak acids or bases that change color based on the pH of a solution.

    Learning Practice

  • 2.5.2

    Common Indicators And Their Ranges

    This section explores common pH indicators used in chemistry, detailing their pH ranges and color changes.

    Learning Practice

  • 2.5.3

    Universal Indicator

    The universal indicator is a chemical tool that changes color over a wide pH range, allowing for the estimation of pH levels in solutions.

    Learning Practice

  • 3

    Strong And Weak Acids/bases

    This section categorizes acids and bases based on their degree of dissociation, exploring strong and weak acids/bases along with their dissociation constants.

    Learning Practice

  • 3.1

    Strong Acids And Bases

    This section introduces strong acids and bases, outlining their definitions, common examples, dissociation behavior, and methods for calculating pH.

    Learning Practice

  • 3.1.1

    List Of Common Strong Acids

    This section provides a comprehensive list of common strong acids, highlighting their complete dissociation in aqueous solutions.

    Learning Practice

  • 3.1.2

    List Of Common Strong Bases

    This section lists common strong bases and describes their dissociation behavior in water.

    Learning Practice

  • 3.1.3

    Ph Calculation For Strong Acids/bases

    This section details how to calculate pH for strong acids and bases, including key principles and examples.

    Learning Practice

  • 3.2

    Weak Acids And Bases

    This section explores the definitions, theories, and principles governing weak acids and bases, including their dissociation in water and the significance of their chemical properties.

    Learning Practice

  • 3.2.1

    Acid Dissociation Constant (Ka)

    The Acid Dissociation Constant (Ka) measures the strength of weak acids in solution, representing the equilibrium state of acid dissociation.

    Learning Practice

  • 3.2.2

    Base Dissociation Constant (Kb)

    The Base Dissociation Constant (Kb) quantifies the strength of a weak base in water, indicating the extent to which it can dissociate into hydroxide ions.

    Learning Practice

  • 3.2.3

    Relationship Between Ka And Kb For Conjugate Pairs

    This section discusses the relationship between the acid dissociation constant (Ka) and the base dissociation constant (Kb) for conjugate acid-base pairs, emphasizing the implications of their values for the strength of acids and bases.

    Learning Practice

  • 3.2.4

    Example Calculations

    This section covers example calculations related to acid-base dissociation constants, showcasing how to compute pH, percent ionization, and the relationships among weak acids and bases.

    Learning Practice

  • 3.2.5

    Amphiprotic And Polyprotic Substances

    This section explores the behavior of amphiprotic and polyprotic substances, detailing how polyprotic acids dissociate stepwise and the significance of amphiprotic species in acid-base chemistry.

    Learning Practice

  • 4

    Acid-Base Titrations

    Acid-base titrations are quantitative methods for determining the concentration of acids or bases by reacting them with titrants of known concentration.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.1

    Titration Terminology And Overview

    This section introduces key terminology and concepts surrounding titration in acid-base chemistry, including definitions of titrants, analytes, and the significance of equivalence and endpoint.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.2

    Strong Acid Vs. Strong Base Titration

    This section covers the process and significance of titrating strong acids with strong bases, including reactions, titration curves, calculations, and key concepts.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.2.1

    Reaction And Stoichiometry

    This section discusses the stoichiometric relationships between reactants and products in acid-base reactions, focusing on titrations involving strong acids and bases.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.2.2

    Titration Curve Features

    This section outlines the main characteristics of titration curves, focusing on the progression from initial acidic solutions to the equivalence point and beyond, highlighting the changes in pH related to strong acid-strong base titrations.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.2.3

    Calculations

    This section focuses on calculations pertaining to acids and bases, including pH calculations, dissociation constants, and the principles of titrations.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3

    Weak Acid Vs. Strong Base Titration

    This section covers the titration process and characteristics of weak acids when interacting with strong bases, detailing pH changes and calculations involved.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.1

    Reaction And Stoichiometry

    This section explores the reactions between acids and bases, focusing on reaction stoichiometry and the underlying principles governing acid-base interactions.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.3.2

    Titration Curve Features

    This section examines the characteristics of titration curves in acid-base reactions, particularly when titrating weak acids and strong bases.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.4

    Weak Base Vs. Strong Acid Titration

    This section explores the titration of weak bases with strong acids, detailing the stoichiometry, titration curve features, and calculations associated with such reactions.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.4.1

    Reaction And Stoichiometry

    This section covers the fundamental principles of reaction stoichiometry, emphasizing the importance of balancing equations and understanding the relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.4.2

    Titration Curve Features

    This section explores the key features of titration curves when titrating strong acids with strong bases.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.5

    Polyprotic Acid Titrations

    This section explains the process and intricacies of titrating polyprotic acids, including the characteristics of diprotic acids and the impact of their dissociation constants on titration curves.

    Learning Practice

  • 4.5.1

    Diprotic Acids

    This section discusses diprotic acids, their dissociation in steps, and their behavior during titrations.

    Learning Practice

References

Untitled document (18).pdf

Class Notes

Memorization

What we have learnt

  • Acids and bases can be defi...
  • pH calculations for various...
  • Titrations are quantitative...

Final Test

Revision Tests

Chapter FAQs