IB Grade 11: Chemistry | Unit 8: Acids and Bases by Prakhar Chauhan | Learn Smarter
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Unit 8: Acids and Bases

Unit 8: Acids and Bases

Acids and bases are essential concepts in chemistry, influencing numerous reactions and biological processes. This chapter discusses various theories of acids and bases, including Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories, and covers pH calculations, as well as the behavior of strong and weak acids and bases. The chapter concludes with methods for acid-base titrations and the practical applications of these concepts in experimental contexts.

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Sections

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  1. 1
    Theories Of Acids And Bases

    This section covers the key theories of acids and bases, including...

  2. 1.1
    Arrhenius Theory

    The Arrhenius Theory defines acids as substances that increase hydrogen ion...

  3. 1.2
    Brønsted-Lowry Theory

    The Brønsted-Lowry theory offers a broader definition of acids and bases...

  4. 1.3
    Lewis Theory

    The Lewis Theory describes acids as electron-pair acceptors and bases as...

  5. 1.4
    Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs And Reaction Direction

    This section describes the relationship between acids, bases, and their...

  6. 1.4.1
    Conjugate Acid And Conjugate Base

    This section explains the concept of conjugate acid-base pairs in...

  7. 1.4.2
    Strength Relationship

    The strength relationship in acids and bases describes how the strengths of...

  8. 2
    Ph Calculations And Indicators

    This section explains the pH and pOH scales, how to calculate pH for strong...

  9. 2.1
    The Ph And Poh Scales

    This section covers the definitions and calculations of pH and pOH,...

  10. 2.2
    Calculating Ph For Strong Acids And Bases

    This section discusses techniques for calculating the pH of strong acids and...

  11. 2.2.1
    Strong Acids

    This section covers the definition, properties, examples, and calculations...

  12. 2.2.2
    Strong Bases

    This section covers the nature of strong bases, their dissociation in...

  13. 2.3
    Calculating Ph For Weak Acids And Weak Bases

    This section covers the calculation of pH for weak acids and weak bases,...

  14. 2.3.1

    This section explores weak acids, their ionization in water, and how they...

  15. 2.3.2

    This section discusses weak bases and their behavior in aqueous solutions,...

  16. 2.4
    Effects Of Ionization Of Water (Autoprotolysis)

    This section explores the self-ionization of water, its equilibrium...

  17. 2.5
    Ph Indicators

    pH indicators are weak acids or bases that change color based on the pH of a...

  18. 2.5.1
    How Indicators Work

    Indicators are weak acids or bases that change color based on the pH of a solution.

  19. 2.5.2
    Common Indicators And Their Ranges

    This section explores common pH indicators used in chemistry, detailing...

  20. 2.5.3
    Universal Indicator

    The universal indicator is a chemical tool that changes color over a wide pH...

  21. 3
    Strong And Weak Acids/bases

    This section categorizes acids and bases based on their degree of...

  22. 3.1
    Strong Acids And Bases

    This section introduces strong acids and bases, outlining their definitions,...

  23. 3.1.1
    List Of Common Strong Acids

    This section provides a comprehensive list of common strong acids,...

  24. 3.1.2
    List Of Common Strong Bases

    This section lists common strong bases and describes their dissociation...

  25. 3.1.3
    Ph Calculation For Strong Acids/bases

    This section details how to calculate pH for strong acids and bases,...

  26. 3.2
    Weak Acids And Bases

    This section explores the definitions, theories, and principles governing...

  27. 3.2.1
    Acid Dissociation Constant (Ka)

    The Acid Dissociation Constant (Ka) measures the strength of weak acids in...

  28. 3.2.2
    Base Dissociation Constant (Kb)

    The Base Dissociation Constant (Kb) quantifies the strength of a weak base...

  29. 3.2.3
    Relationship Between Ka And Kb For Conjugate Pairs

    This section discusses the relationship between the acid dissociation...

  30. 3.2.4
    Example Calculations

    This section covers example calculations related to acid-base dissociation...

  31. 3.2.5
    Amphiprotic And Polyprotic Substances

    This section explores the behavior of amphiprotic and polyprotic substances,...

  32. 4
    Acid-Base Titrations

    Acid-base titrations are quantitative methods for determining the...

  33. 4.1
    Titration Terminology And Overview

    This section introduces key terminology and concepts surrounding titration...

  34. 4.2
    Strong Acid Vs. Strong Base Titration

    This section covers the process and significance of titrating strong acids...

  35. 4.2.1
    Reaction And Stoichiometry

    This section discusses the stoichiometric relationships between reactants...

  36. 4.2.2
    Titration Curve Features

    This section outlines the main characteristics of titration curves, focusing...

  37. 4.2.3
    Calculations

    This section focuses on calculations pertaining to acids and bases,...

  38. 4.3
    Weak Acid Vs. Strong Base Titration

    This section covers the titration process and characteristics of weak acids...

  39. 4.3.1
    Reaction And Stoichiometry

    This section explores the reactions between acids and bases, focusing on...

  40. 4.3.2
    Titration Curve Features

    This section examines the characteristics of titration curves in acid-base...

  41. 4.4
    Weak Base Vs. Strong Acid Titration

    This section explores the titration of weak bases with strong acids,...

  42. 4.4.1
    Reaction And Stoichiometry

    This section covers the fundamental principles of reaction stoichiometry,...

  43. 4.4.2
    Titration Curve Features

    This section explores the key features of titration curves when titrating...

  44. 4.5
    Polyprotic Acid Titrations

    This section explains the process and intricacies of titrating polyprotic...

  45. 4.5.1
    Diprotic Acids

    This section discusses diprotic acids, their dissociation in steps, and...

What we have learnt

  • Acids and bases can be defined through various theoretical models that reflect their behaviors in different environments.
  • pH calculations for various types of acids and bases allow chemists to predict the outcomes of reactions and the nature of solutions.
  • Titrations are quantitative methods for determining the concentration of unknown solutions, using known standards.

Key Concepts

-- Arrhenius Theory
Defines acids as substances that increase H+ ions in aqueous solutions and bases as those that increase OH- ions.
-- BrønstedLowry Theory
Defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors, introducing the concept of conjugate acid-base pairs.
-- Lewis Theory
Broadens the definition of acids and bases to electron pair acceptors and donors, respectively.
-- pH Scale
A logarithmic scale measuring the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution, indicating its acidity or basicity.
-- AcidBase Titration
A laboratory method used to determine the concentration of an acid or base by neutralizing it with a base or acid of known concentration.

Additional Learning Materials

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