5. MAGNETISM AND MATTER
Magnetism is a universal phenomenon observed in various forms, ranging from galactic scales to atomic interactions. This chapter explores the foundational concepts of magnetism, including bar magnets, magnetic fields, and classifications of materials based on their magnetic properties such as diamagnetism, paramagnetism, and ferromagnetism. Key principles, including Gauss's law for magnetism, magnetic moments, and the behavior of materials in magnetic fields, are detailed to enhance understanding of both theoretical and practical aspects of magnetism.
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What we have learnt
- Magnetic materials exhibit properties such as attraction and repulsion, which lead to the classification of substances as diamagnetic, paramagnetic, or ferromagnetic.
- The magnetic moment and torque are crucial for describing the behavior of magnets and magnetic materials under external magnetic fields.
- Gauss's law for magnetism states that the net magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero, indicating that magnetic monopoles do not exist.
Key Concepts
- -- Magnetic Moment
- A measure of the magnetic strength and orientation of a magnet or current loop, defined as the product of the current and the area of the loop.
- -- Gauss's Law for Magnetism
- A fundamental principle stating that the total magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero, implying that magnetic field lines do not start or end at any point in space (magnetic monopoles do not exist).
- -- Diamagnetism
- A type of magnetism characterized by materials that are weakly repelled by magnetic fields, exhibiting a negative susceptibility.
- -- Paramagnetism
- A form of magnetism where materials are weakly attracted by magnetic fields, having small positive susceptibility.
- -- Ferromagnetism
- Strong magnetism in materials that can retain their magnetic properties even after the external field is removed, characterized by large positive susceptibility.
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