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1. ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS

This chapter delves into the concept of electric charges and fields, introducing the fundamental nature of electric charges, their interactions, and the properties of both conductors and insulators. It explains Coulomb's Law, the concept of electric fields, and the principles governing electric dipoles and flux, alongside Gaussian surfaces. The chapter concludes with significant applications of these concepts in understanding electric behavior in various configurations.

Sections

  • 1

    Electric Charges And Fields

    This section discusses the nature of electric charges, properties of electric fields, Coulomb's law, and the concept of electric dipoles.

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  • 1.1

    Introduction

    This section introduces the concepts of electric charges, static electricity, and the fundamental properties of charges, including their behavior in various scenarios.

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  • 1.2

    Electric Charge

    Electric charges exist in two types, positive and negative, and they exhibit specific interactions such as repulsion between like charges and attraction between unlike charges.

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  • 1.3

    Conductors And Insulators

    This section discusses the differences between conductors and insulators, detailing how electric charges behave in these materials.

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  • 1.4

    Basic Properties Of Electric Charge

    This section covers the fundamental properties of electric charge, including the nature of electric charges, their additivity, conservation, and quantization.

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  • 1.4.1

    Additivity Of Charges

    The additivity of electric charges describes how the total charge of a system is the algebraic sum of individual charges, reflecting charge as a scalar quantity.

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  • 1.4.2

    Charge Is Conserved

    This section explores the principle of conservation of electric charge, stating that charge can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred.

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  • 1.4.3

    Quantisation Of Charge

    Charge exists in integral multiples of a fundamental unit, reinforcing the concept of how charge is quantised.

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  • 1.5

    Coulomb’s Law

    Coulomb's Law describes the electrostatic force between two point charges, which is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

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  • 1.6

    Forces Between Multiple Charges

    This section explores the interactions between multiple electric charges and the resultant forces acting upon them.

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  • 1.7

    Electric Field

    This section introduces the concept of electric fields created by point charges and their interactions with other charged objects.

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  • 1.7.1

    Electric Field Due To A System Of Charges

    This section explores how to determine the electric field produced by multiple charges, utilizing the principle of superposition along with Coulomb's law.

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  • 1.7.2

    Physical Significance Of Electric Field

    The concept of an electric field is crucial for understanding the interactions between charged particles and is essential in both electrostatics and dynamic electromagnetic phenomena.

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  • 1.8

    Electric Field Lines

    Electric field lines visually represent the strength and direction of electric fields generated by charges.

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  • 1.9

    Electric Flux

    Electric flux quantifies the number of electric field lines passing through a surface, varying with surface orientation.

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  • 1.10

    Electric Dipole

    This section covers the concept of electric dipoles, explaining their characteristics, electric fields, and significant properties including dipole moment.

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  • 1.10.1

    The Field Of An Electric Dipole

    This section explores the nature and behavior of electric dipoles and their electric fields.

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  • 1.10.2

    Physical Significance Of Dipoles

    This section discusses the physical significance of electric dipoles, including their properties, behavior in electric fields, and applications in various molecular structures.

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  • 1.11

    Dipole In A Uniform External Field

    This section discusses the behavior of a permanent dipole in a uniform external electric field, focusing on torque, forces, and induced dipole moments.

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  • 1.12

    Continuous Charge Distribution

    This section discusses continuous charge distributions, defining surface, line, and volume charge densities, and explaining how to calculate the electric field from such distributions.

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  • 1.13

    Gauss’s Law

    Gauss's Law provides a relationship between the electric flux through a closed surface and the charge enclosed within that surface.

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  • 1.14

    Applications Of Gauss's Law

    This section explores the applications of Gauss's law in calculating electric fields due to various symmetric charge distributions.

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  • 1.14.1

    Field Due To An Infinitely Long Straight Uniformly Charged Wire

    This section discusses the electric field generated by an infinitely long, straight wire uniformly charged with linear charge density.

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  • 1.14.2

    Field Due To A Uniformly Charged Infinite Plane Sheet

    This section discusses the electric field produced by a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, highlighting its symmetry and behavior using Gauss's law.

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  • 1.14.3

    Field Due To A Uniformly Charged Thin Spherical Shell

    This section discusses the electric field produced by a uniformly charged thin spherical shell, detailing its behavior inside and outside the shell.

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References

NCERT Study Material

Class Notes

Memorization

What we have learnt

  • Electric charges come in tw...
  • Coulomb's law provides a qu...
  • Electric fields represent t...

Final Test

Revision Tests

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